Table 2.
Surgical outcomes, postoperative recovery, morbidity, and mortality in the laparoscopic surgery and hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery groups
| Outcome | Mean. (SD) / No. (%) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| TLS group (n = 36) |
HLS group (n = 17) |
||
| Surgical outcome | |||
| Estimated blood loss (mL) | 58.3 ± 30.4 | 34.7 ± 21.0 | 0.006 |
| Operative time (minutes) | 134.4 ± 53.7 | 70.6 ± 19.1 | < 0.001 |
| Length of incision, cm | 6.7 ± 1.0 | 7.6 ± 1.5 | 0.001 |
| Maximum margin of tumor, cm | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 0.004 |
| Tumor rupture during surgery | 1 (2.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.488 |
| Tumor resection margin R0 | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | – |
| Open conversion | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | – |
| Postoperative recovery | |||
| Time to first flatus (days) | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | < 0.001 |
| Time to ambulation (days) | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 0.005 |
| Time to first liquid intake (days) | 3.7 ± 0.5 | 2.9 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 |
| Time to first semifluid intake (days) | 5.5 ± 0.5 | 4.4 ± 0.7 | < 0.001 |
| Postoperative hospital stays (days) | 7.2 ± 2.1 | 7.9 ± 2.0 | 0.273 |
| Reoperation | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | – |
| Unplanned readmission | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | – |
| Morbidity type* | |||
| Postoperative complication* | 3 (8.3%) | 1 (5.9%) | 0.753 |
| Wound problem | 1 (2.8%) | 1 (5.9%) | 0.580 |
| Pulmonary | 2 (5.6%) | 1 (5.9%) | 0.962 |
| Leakage | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | – |
| Hemorrhage | 1 (2.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.488 |
| Mortality | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | – |
| Clavien–Dindo classification† | > 0.999 | ||
| I | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| II | 2 (5.6%) | 1 (5.9%) | |
| IIIa | 1 (2.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| IIIb | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| IV | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| V | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
TLS total laparoscopic surgery, HLS hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery, SD standard deviation
*One patient may had more than one morbidity type
†Clavien-Dindo classification only calculates the highest grade of complications