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. 2022 Jun 6;22:1129. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-13449-6

Table 5.

Regression analyses to determine factors associated with unhealthy snack consumptionain adolescents in Mumbai

Variables Public School Adolescents (n= 328) Private School Adolescents (n= 384)
OR 95% CI p-value OR 95% CI p-value
Socio-demographic characteristics
 Sex- Boys (Ref: Girls) 1.75 0.69 - 0.79 0.032*    1.13 0.93 - 1.22 0.381
 Education of father ( Ref: < High school certificate) 1.05 0.98 - 1.12 0.132    1.83 1.78 - 2.02 0.221
 Education of mother (Ref: < High school certificate) 1.09 0.91 - 1.27 0.191    0.78 0.66 - 0.82 <0.001**
 Monthly family income (Ref: < 30000 INR) 1.03 0.92 - 1.10 0.619    2.15 1.98 - 2.32 <0.001**
Eating Habits
 Breakfast before going to school (Ref: <3 d/ week) 0.99 0.95 - 1.06 0.672    0.77 0.71 - 0.83 <0.001**
 Carry Snacks (Tiffin) to School (Ref: <3 d/ week) 0.83 0.81 - 0.86 0.028*    1.06 0.98 - 1.14 0.563
School Food Environment
 Availability of fruits (Ref: <3 d/ week) 1.01 0.88 - 1.12 0.421    1.01 0.98 - 1.10 0.066
 Availability of healthy snacks (Ref: <3 d/ week) 1.02 0.99 - 1.06 0.203    0.99 0.82 - 1.26 0.083
 Availability of unhealthy snacks (Ref: <3 d/ week) 2.60 1.44 - 3.79 <0.001**    0.99 0.93 - 1.08 0.328
 Reasons for purchasing snacks – Taste (Ref: No) 0.99 0.95 - 1.04 0.198    2.87 2.36 - 3.03 < 0.001**
 Reasons for purchasing snacks – Price (Ref: No) 1.06 1.01 - 1.10 0.319    1.65 1.44 - 1.83 < 0.001**
Home Food Environment
 Availability of fruits at home (Ref: <3 d/ week)       0.99 0.98 - 1.07 0.921   0.57 0.49 - 0.69 < 0.001**
 Availability of unhealthy snacks at home (Ref: <3 d/ week)       1.23 0.98 - 1.41 0.332   2.98 1.36 - 3.46 < 0.001**
 Visibility of fruits in easy to reach places (Ref: <3 d/ week)       1.08 0.95 - 1.16 0.712 0.88 0.72 - 1.01 0.089
 Visibility of unhealthy snacks in easy to reach places (Ref: <3 d/ week)       1.07 0.96 - 1.18 0.441 1.17 0.98 - 1.28 0.331
 At least a meal at the dining table (Ref: <3 d/ week)       0.89 0.76 - 0.95 0.023* 1.06 1.01 - 1.12 0.448
 Evening meals together (Ref: <3 d/ week)       1.02 0.94 - 1.13 0.782 0.71 0.63 - 0.81 0.031*
 Eating out in restaurants (Ref: <3 d/ week)       0.99 0.95 - 1.04 0.112 0.94 0.83 - 1.28 0.237
Perceived parental control at mealtimes (Ref: strongly disagree, neutral, and disagree)
 Pressure to eat veggies during meals      1.03 0.99 - 1.06 0.313 1.12 1.04 - 1.20 0.444
 Parents choose time to have snacks      1.14 0.98 - 1.28 0.271 1.01 0.97 - 1.15 0.521
 Allowed to eat fast foods only on weekends      1.01 0.93 -1.04 0.289 0.67 0.62 - 0.72 < 0.001**
Adolescents’ Perceptions (Ref: strongly disagree, neither agree nor disagree and disagree)
 Perceived susceptibility (Unhealthy eating habits can increase risk of health problems)      1.01 0.92 - 1.12 0.662       1.01 0.94 - 1.18 0.911
 Perceived benefits (Fruits can fight infections)     0.99 0.98 - 1.08 0.344 1.16 0.97- 1.22 0.652
 Perceived benefits (Vegetables are good for…)     0.91 0.88 - 1.12 0.218 0.99 0.89 - 1.19 0.0871
 Perceived barriers (Fruits are not available at school)     1.98 1.67- 2.31 0.003* 2.03 1.96 - 2.12 < 0.001**
 Perceived barriers (Homecooked foods are the same….)    1.11 0.97 - 1.22 0.066 3.11 2.34 - 4.65 < 0.001**
 Perceived barriers (Healthy foods are expensive)    4.97 2.98 - 5.19 <0.001** 1.78 1.32 - 2.22 < 0.001**
 Readiness to change (I try to eat fruits every day)    0.79 0.62 - 0.92 0.009* 1.11 0.99 - 1.24 0.512
 Self–efficacy (I can prepare a snack or have fruit….)    0.99 0.93 - 1.08 0.123 0.88 0.76 - 0.99 0.043*

OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval. * p ≤ 0.05, **p < 0.001

a Dependent variable- Highest tertile of unhealthy snack consumption compared with the low and moderate tertiles of consumption of unhealthy snacks and carbonated beverages/d in adolescents

OR values that show significant associations with higher consumption of unhealthy snacks are highlighted