Table 1.
Participant characteristics stratified by sex and age group
| Variable | Total | Boys | Girls | P | Children aged 8–13 years | Adolescents aged 14–16 years | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 2019 | n = 1029 | n = 990 | n = 1502 | n = 517 | |||
| Age, years [M (SD)] | 11.56 (1.84) | 11.67 (1.90) | 11.59 (1.82) | 0.374 | 10.79 (1.32) | 14.08 (0.66) | < 0.001 |
| School level n (%) | 0.283 | < 0.001 | |||||
| Primary School | 899 (44.53) | 446 (43.34) | 453 (45.76) | 899 (59.85) | 0 | ||
| Middle school | 1120 (55.47) | 583 (56.66) | 537 (54.24) | 603 (40.15) | 517 (100) | ||
| Age group n (%) | |||||||
| Children aged 8–13 years | 1502 (74.39) | 756 (73.47) | 746 (75.35) | \ | \ | ||
| Adolescents aged 14–16 years | 517 (25.61) | 273 (26.53) | 244 (24.65) | \ | \ | ||
| Sex | 0.333 | ||||||
| Boys | 1029 (50.97) | \ | \ | 756 (50.33) | 273 (52.80) | ||
| Girls | 990 (49.03) | \ | \ | 746 (49.68) | 244 (47.20) | ||
| Anthropometric Measurements | |||||||
| Height, m [M (SD)] | 1.53 (0.13) | 1.55 (0.10) | 1.51 (0.11) | < 0.001 | 1.48 (0.11) | 1.66 (0.08) | < 0.001 |
| Weight, kg [M (SD)] | 46.32 (13.75) | 48.96 (14.78) | 43.58 (12.00) | < 0.001 | 42.36 (11.94) | 57.83 (12.09) | < 0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 [M (SD)] | 19.42 (3.69) | 20.07 (3.81) | 18.75 (3.43) | < 0.001 | 18.94 (3.60) | 20.82 (3.60) | < 0.001 |
| Weight Status n (%) | < 0.001 | 0.023 | |||||
| Normal weight | 1407 (69.69) | 639 (31.65) | 768 (38.04) | 1026 (50.82) | 136 (6.74) | ||
| Overweight/obesity | 612 (30.31) | 390 (19.32) | 222 (11.00) | 476 (23.58) | 381 (18.87) | ||
| Father Education n (%) | 0.108 | < 0.001 | |||||
| < High school | 153 (7.58) | 90 (8.75) | 63 (6.63) | 135 (8.99) | 18 (3.48) | ||
| High school | 297 (14.71) | 152 (14.77) | 145 (14.65) | 221 (14.71) | 76 (14.70) | ||
| Bachelor’s degree | 1195 (59.19) | 611 (59.38) | 584 (58.99) | 814 (54.19) | 381 (73.69) | ||
| Master’ degree | 374 (18.52) | 176 (17.10) | 198 (20.00) | 332 (22.10) | 42 (8.12) | ||
| Mother Education n (%) | 0.218 | < 0.001 | |||||
| < High school | 174 (8.62) | 100 (9.72) | 74 (7.47) | 143 (9.52) | 31 (6.00) | ||
| High school | 266 (13.17) | 129 (12.54) | 137 (13.84) | 203 (13.52) | 63 (12.19) | ||
| Bachelor’s degree | 1232 (60.97) | 631 (61.32) | 600 (60.60) | 852 (56.72) | 379 (73.3) | ||
| Master’ degree | 348 (17.24) | 169 (16.42) | 179 (18.08) | 304 (20.24) | 44 (8.51) | ||
| MVPA, min [M (SD)] | 65.70 (62.84) | 72.01 (65.42) | 59.13 (59.38) | < 0.001 | 66.61 (63.50) | 63.05 (60.89) | 0.257 |
| Sedentary Behavior, min [M (SD)] | 348.64 (175.10) | 355.84 (185.25) | 367.61 (177.26) | 0.142 | 350.64 (177.72) | 393.47 (183.23) | < 0.001 |
| Sleep Quality [M (SD)] | 3.00 (2.73) | 3.40 (2.67) | 3.69 (2.77) | 0.018 | 3.38 (2.64) | 4.02 (2.90) | 0.003 |
| Good sleep quality n (%) | 1602 (79.35) | 833 (80.95) | 769 (77.68) | 1216 (81.96) | 386 (74.66) | ||
| Poor sleep quality n (%) | 417 (20.65) | 196 (19.05) | 221 (22.32) | 286 (19.04) | 131 (25.34) | ||
| Sleep Duration, h [M (SD)] | 8.21 (1.25) | 8.23 (1.26) | 8.17 (1.25) | 0.307 | 8.85 (1.17) | 7.34 (1.07) | < 0.001 |
| Very short sleep duration n (%) | 119 (5.89) | 60 (5.83) | 59 (5.96) | 61 (4.06) | 58 (11.22) | ||
| Short sleep duration n (%) | 1035 (51.26) | 503 (48.89) | 532 (53.74) | 704 (46.87) | 331 (64.02) | ||
| Recommended sleep duration n (%) | 851 (42.15) | 457 (44.41) | 394 (39.80) | 723 (48.14) | 128 (24.75) | ||
| Long sleep duration n (%) | 14 (0.69) | 9 (0.87) | 5 (0.51) | 14 (0.93) | 0 | ||
Note: M mean, SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index, MVPA moderate to vigorous physical activity; p values were calculated by Chi-square (X2) test for categorical variables and t-tests for continuous variables between sex and school level, and p values with bold type indicated p < 0.05