Table 3.
Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression analysis of sleep quality and sleep duration associated with overweight/obesity among total sample and by sex and age
Variables | Total | Boys | Girls | Children aged 8–13 years | Adolescents aged 14–16 years | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | p | ||||
Univariable model 1 | |||||||||||||
Sleep Quality Score | 1.02 (0.98 to 1.05) | 0.351 | 0.99 (0.94 to 1.04) | 0.621 | 1.07 (1.02 to 1.13) | 0.010 | 1.03 (0.99 to 1.07) | 0.190 | 1.00 (0.94 to 1.07) | 0.921 | |||
Sleep Duration | |||||||||||||
Very short sleep duration | 1.21 (0.80 to 1.82) | 0.372 | 1.15 (0.66 to 1.99) | 0.626 | 1.40 (0.74 to 2.65) | 0.297 | 1.53 (0.90 to 2.62) | 0.120 | 1.14 (0.56 to 2.63) | 0.721 | |||
Short sleep duration | 1.12 (0.92 to 1.37) | 0.255 | 1.08 (0.83 to 1.40) | 0.564 | 1.32 (0.96 to 1.81) | 0.089 | 1.16 (0.93 to 1.45) | 0.190 | 1.24 (0.77 to 1.99) | 0.377 | |||
Recommended sleep durationa | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Multivariate model 2 | |||||||||||||
Age | 0.91 (0.86 to 0.96) | 0.001 | 0.86 (0.80 to 0.93) | < 0.001 | 0.98 (0.89 to 1.07) | 0.626 | 0.91 (0.83 to 0.99) | 0.033 | 0.82 (0.60 to 1.12) | 0.201 | |||
Sex | |||||||||||||
Boys | 2.18 (1.79 to 2.66) | < 0.001 | \ | \ | 2.51 (2.00 to 3.15) | < 0.001 | 1.34 (0.88 to 2.04) | 0.180 | |||||
Girls a | 1 | 1 | \ | \ | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Father Education | |||||||||||||
Less than high school | 1.29 (0.74 to 2.26) | 0.365 | 1.72 (0.82 to 3.60) | 0.152 | 0.90 (0.38 to 2.14) | 0.803 | 1.27 (0.69 to 2.35) | 0.444 | 1.97 (0.45 to 8.53) | 0.366 | |||
High school | 1.57 (0.97 to 2.54) | 0.068 | 1.95 (1.00 to 3.78) | 0.05 | 1.20 (0.59 to 2.44) | 0.626 | 1.64 (0.96 to 2.80) | 0.070 | 1.14 (0.34 to 3.81) | 0.835 | |||
Bachelor’s degree | 1.24 (0.81 to 1.90) | 0.319 | 1.45 (0.81 to 2.59) | 0.215 | 1.05 (0.56 to 1.96) | 0.891 | 1.26 (0.79 to 2.00) | 0.328 | 1.03 (0.34 to 3.14) | 0.964 | |||
Master’ degree a | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Mother Education | |||||||||||||
Less than high school | 0.95 (0.55 to 1.63) | 0.839 | 0.71 (0.34 to 1.48) | 0.358 | 1.50 (0.67 to 3.38) | 0.326 | 0.89 (0.48 to 1.64) | 0.710 | 1.28 (0.35 to 4.75) | 0.708 | |||
High school | 0.76 (0.46 to 1.26) | 0.293 | 0.72 (0.36 to 1.43) | 0.342 | 0.86 (0.42 to 1.79) | 0.691 | 0.73 (0.42 to 1.27) | 0.263 | 0.93 (0.28 to 3.08) | 0.904 | |||
Bachelor’s degree | 0.79 (0.52 to 1.22) | 0.289 | 1.02 (0.57 to 1.82) | 0.955 | 0.58 (0.31 to 1.10) | 0.093 | 0.84 (0.53 to 1.34) | 0.469 | 0.70 (0.23 to 2.08) | 0.519 | |||
Master’ degree a | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
MVPA | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.037 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.005 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.743 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.135 | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.00) | 0.188 | |||
Sedentary Behavior | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.928 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.705 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.619 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.784 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.529 | |||
Sleep Quality Score | 1.03 (0.99 to 1.07) | 0.146 | 0.99 (0.94 to 1.04) | 0.595 | 1.08 (1.02 to 1.14) | 0.009 | 1.03 (0.99 to 1.07) | 0.196 | 1.01 (0.94 to 1.09) | 0.781 | |||
Age | 0.89 (0.84 to 0.95) | < 0.001 | 0.85 (0.78 to 0.91) | < 0.001 | 0.97 (0.88 to 1.06) | 0.468 | 0.88 (0.80 to 0.97) | 0.007 | 0.83 (0.61 to 1.14) | 0.245 | |||
Sex | |||||||||||||
Boys | 2.20 (1.80 to 2.69) | < 0.001 | \ | \ | 2.54 (2.02 to 3.20) | < 0.001 | 1.34 (0.88 to 2.04) | 0.168 | |||||
Girls a | 1 | \ | \ | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Father Education | |||||||||||||
Less than high school | 1.30 (0.74 to 2.27) | 0.365 | 1.67 (0.80 to 3.49) | 0.176 | 0.96 (0.40 to 2.31) | 0.93 | 1.26 (0.68 to 2.33) | 0.466 | 1.99 (0.46 to 8.60) | 0.358 | |||
High school | 1.57 (0.97 to 2.54) | 0.07 | 1.90 (0.98 to 3.68) | 0.059 | 1.22 (0.60 to 2.51) | 0.583 | 1.62 (0.95 to 2.77) | 0.079 | 1.16 (0.35 to 3.90) | 0.811 | |||
Bachelor’s degree | 1.24 (0.81 to 1.89) | 0.328 | 1.43 (0.80 to 2.56) | 0.224 | 1.03 (0.55 to 1.95) | 0.919 | 1.25 (0.79 to 1.99) | 0.341 | 1.05 (0.34 to 3.21) | 0.933 | |||
Master’ degree a | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Mother Education | |||||||||||||
Less than high school | 0.96 (0.56 to 1.67) | 0.893 | 0.73 (0.35 to 1.54) | 0.411 | 1.43 (0.63 to 3.25) | 0.387 | 0.93 (0.50 to 1.71) | 0.807 | 1.25 (0.34 to 4.64) | 0.738 | |||
High school | 0.78 (0.47 to 1.28) | 0.325 | 0.74 (0.37 to 1.47) | 0.388 | 0.84 (0.41 to 1.76) | 0.651 | 0.76 (0.43 to 1.33) | 0.328 | 1.90 (0.27 to 3.00) | 0.862 | |||
Bachelor’s degree | 0.79 (0.51 to 1.21) | 0.277 | 1.03 (0.58 to 1.84) | 0.927 | 0.57 (0.30 to 1.07) | 0.082 | 0.84 (0.53 to 1.35) | 0.476 | 0.68 (0.23 to 2.04) | 0.495 | |||
Master’ degree a | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
MVPA | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.037 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.006 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.741 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.135 | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.00) | 0.177 | |||
Sedentary Behavior | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.867 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.568 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.382 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.738 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.649 | |||
Sleep Duration | |||||||||||||
Very short sleep duration | 1.49 (0.97 to 2.29) | 0.071 | 1.39 (0.78 to 2.46) | 0.261 | 1.53 (0.78 to 3.01) | 0.217 | 1.68 (0.96 to 2.93) | 0.071 | 1.15 (0.55 to 2.41) | 0.710 | |||
Short sleep duration | 1.34 (1.08 to 1.66) | 0.008 | 1.25 (0.94 to 1.64) | 0.123 | 1.51 (1.06 to 2.13) | 0.021 | 1.34 (1.05 to 1.71) | 0.019 | 1.22 (0.75 to 1.98) | 0.433 | |||
Recommended sleep duration a | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Multivariate logistic regression model 3 | |||||||||||||
Age | 0.89 (0.84 to 0.95) | < 0.001 | 0.84 (0.78 to 0.91) | < 0.001 | 0.96 (0.87 to 1.05) | 0.345 | 0.88 (0.80 to 0.97) | 0.007 | 0.83 (0.60 to 1.14) | 0.242 | |||
Sex | |||||||||||||
Boys | 2.21 (1.81 to 2.69) | < 0.001 | \ | \ | 2.54 (2.02 to 3.20) | < 0.001 | 1.35 (1.88 to 2.06) | 0.166 | |||||
Girls a | 1 | \ | \ | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Father Education | |||||||||||||
Less than high school | 1.29 (0.74 to 2.26) | 0.375 | 1.69 (0.81 to 3.56) | 0.165 | 0.92 (0.38 to 2.21) | 0.847 | 1.26 (0.68 to 2.32) | 0.47 | 1.97 (0.45 to 8.55) | 0.365 | |||
High school | 1.56 (0.96 to 2.53) | 0.071 | 1.92 (0.99 to 3.74) | 0.055 | 1.21 (0.59 to 2.47) | 0.608 | 1.62 (0.95 to 2.77) | 0.079 | 1.15 (0.34 to 3.88) | 0.818 | |||
Bachelor’s degree | 1.23 (0.81 to 1.89) | 0.333 | 1.45 (0.81 to 2.60) | 0.212 | 1.03 (0.55 to 1.94) | 0.924 | 1.25 (0.79 to 1.99) | 0.346 | 1.05 (0.34 to 3.20) | 0.937 | |||
Master’ degree a | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Mother Education | |||||||||||||
Less than high school | 0.96 (0.56 to 1.66) | 0.887 | 0.74 (0.35 to 1.55) | 0.424 | 1.47 (0.65 to 3.32) | 0.358 | 0.92 (0.50 to 1.71) | 0.8 | 1.25 (0.34 to 4.64) | 0.737 | |||
High school | 0.78 (0.47 to 1.29) | 0.326 | 0.74 (0.37 to 1.47) | 0.387 | 0.86 (0.41 to 1.78) | 0.678 | 0.76 (0.43 to 1.32) | 0.327 | 0.90 (0.27 to 2.99) | 0.862 | |||
Bachelor’s degree | 0.78 (0.52 to 1.21) | 0.284 | 1.02 (0.57 to 1.82) | 0.96 | 0.57 (0.30 to 1.08) | 0.087 | 0.85 (0.53 to 1.35) | 0.483 | 0.68 (0.23 to 2.04) | 0.494 | |||
Master’ degree a | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
MVPA | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.041 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.005 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.647 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.141 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.188 | |||
Sedentary Behavior | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.946 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.703 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.587 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.786 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.528 | |||
Sleep Quality Score | 1.01 (0.97 to 1.06) | 0.533 | 0.97 (0.92 to 1.02) | 0.247 | 1.07 (1.01 to 1.14) | 0.028 | 1.01 (0.96 to 1.06) | 0.677 | 1.01 (0.93 to 1.09) | 0.884 | |||
Sleep Duration | |||||||||||||
Very short sleep duration | 1.40 (0.87 to 2.25) | 0.167 | 1.61 (0.86 to 3.02) | 0.134 | 1.07 (0.50 to 2.26) | 0.870 | 1.59 (0.87 to 2.93) | 0.295 | 1.12 (0.48 to 2.59) | 0.195 | |||
Short sleep duration | 1.32 (1.06 to 1.64) | 0.013 | 1.28 (0.97 to 1.70) | 0.084 | 1.38 (0.97 to 1.98) | 0.075 | 1.33 (1.03 to 1.70) | 0.027 | 1.21 (0.73 to 1.99) | 0.463 | |||
Recommended sleep duration a | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Note: a: Reference Category; OR odd ratio, CI confidence interval; The values of p < 0.05 were highlighted in bold
Univariable Model 1: Univariate association of sleep quality and sleep duration and overweight/obesity
Multivariable Model 2: Sleep quality and sleep duration separately entered into multivariable model after adjusting for the participants' sex, age, parental education, moderate to vigorous physical activity duration per day, and sedentary behavior duration per day
Multivariable Model 3: Sleep quality and sleep duration were simultaneously entered into multivariable model after adjusting for the participants' sex, age, parental education, moderate to vigorous physical activity duration per day, and sedentary behavior duration per day