Table 2.

Mechanical performance of CF- and VGCNF-reinforced polymer composite materials along with their manufacturing methods

Reinforcement	Matrix	Matrix nature	Relevant properties increased by reinforcement	Manufacturing method	Remarks	References
CCF	Nylon	Thermoplastic	Flexural strength, tensile strength	3DP (FDM)	Porosity possessed a significant threat for 3DP-based composite and led to substantial strength loss	[63]
CF	Epoxy resin	Thermoset	Tensile strength, hardness, peak load, yield strength	VARTM	Superior mechanical properties of CFRP in comparison to GFRP	[74]
CF	Copolymerized acrylic	Thermoplastic	Flexural strength, IFSS	Compression molding	The flexural strength of the composite was doubled using HEAA (Hydroxyethyl acrylamide) functional copolymers	[4]
SCF	Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)	Thermoplastic	Tensile strength, tensile modulus	3DP	Tensile modulus and strength surged ~ 700 and ~ 115%, respectively	[32]
CCF	Onyx (nylon based)	Thermoplastic	Fracture toughness	3DP	Optimization of the deposition tension and temperature can improve reinforcement effectiveness	[75]
CCF	Onyx	Thermoplastic	Compressive and flexural modulus	3DP	Reinforcement type and orientation have a salient impact on compressive and flexural modulus	[76]
SCF	Polycarbonate (PC)	Thermoplastic	Tensile modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus, micro-hardness	FDM	The addition of SCF decreased the tensile strength rather than boosting it due to matrix failure from misaligned SCF	[77]
SCF	Polypropylene (PP)	Thermoplastic	Tensile strength and tensile modulus	Injection molding	Tensile strength and modulus increased 40.7 and 574.9%, respectively	[40]
CCF	Nylon	Thermoplastic	Tensile strength, stiffness	3DP	Much higher specific strength was achieved for CFRP than pristine nylon at little cost of weight	[69]
CCF	Onyx	Thermoplastic	Tensile strength, flexural strength	3DP	The inclusion of carbon layers increases the strength but at the same time decreases ductility and precipitates crack propagation	[78]
VGCNF	PP	Thermoplastic	Tensile strength, tensile modulus	Injection molding	Tensile strength and tensile modulus were doubled and quadrupled, respectively, for CFRP starkly juxtaposed with a neat matrix	[79]
VGCNF	ABS	Thermoplastic	Tensile strength, tensile modulus, stiffness	Compression molding	VGCNF restricts the polymer’s mobility when incorporated into a composite	[80]
CCF	Nylon	Thermoplastic	Elastic modulus	3DP	Elastic modulus of CFRP was 4.25 times and 5.78 times higher than KFRP and GFRP, respectively	[68]
CCF	ABS	Thermoplastic	Flexural strength, tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural modulus	3DP	ILSS was just 2.81 MPa indicating poor interface characteristics of 3D-printed parts	[65]
CCF	PLA	Thermoplastic	Tensile strength, tensile modulus	3DP	Fiber pull-out caused a fracture, which glorifies the need for interphase modification	[34]