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. 2022 Jun 7;20:258. doi: 10.1186/s12967-022-03422-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Identification of hMSCs and EVs. The hMSCs were passage-cultured. A Morphology of the fourth-passage hMSCs was observed under a microscope; B Expression of specific molecular markers CD29, CD34, CD45, CD73, CD90, CDl05, CD117 and HLA-DR was detected using flow cytometry; C Osteogenic differentiation was observed by Alizarin red staining; D Adipogenic differentiation was observed via Oil Red O staining; E Cartilage differentiation was observed through Alcian blue; F Morphology of hMSC-EVs was observed using TEM after the extraction of EVs; G Size distribution of EVs was analyzed by NTA; H Expression of CD63, CD9, CD81, HSP70 and Calnexin in EVs was measured using WB