Table 1.

Overview of Instruments

Broad categories of constructs	Constructs	Theory	Instruments	Reference articles	Target age	Reliability (Cronbach’s alpha > 0.70)	Validity			# of items
							Content	Construct	Criterion
Beliefs/ perception/attitudes	Outcome expectancies	Motivation theories	Revised youth e-cigarette outcome expectancies	Pokhrel et al., 2018 [18]	18–25	O	–	O	O	43
		Motivation theories	Revised youth EC outcome expectancies (short)	Pokhrel et al., 2018 [18]	18–25	O	–	O	O	12
		–	Adolescent E-Cigarette Consequences Questionnaire (AECQ)	Cristello et al., 2020 [19]	High school students (Mean = 14.90)	–	–	O	–	18
	Vaping expectancies, sensory expectancies	–	Sensory E-cigarette Expectancies Scale (SEES)	Morean et al., 2019 [20]	≥18	O	–	O	O	9
		Social learning theory	Short Form Vaping Consequences Questionnaire (S-VCQ)	Morean & L’Insalata, 2017 [21]	≥18	O	–	O	O	21
	Perceived risk and benefits of e-cigarettes	–	Perceived Risk and Benefits of E-cigarette use (RABE)	Copeland et al., 2017 [22]	≥18	O	–	O	–	30
		–	Conditional Risk Assessment of Electronic Cigarette Perceptions	Chaffee et al., 2015 [23]	13–18	–	–	O	O	19
	Comparative beliefs of e-cig use and cigarette smoking	Theory of planned behavior (TPB)	Comparing E-Cigarette and Cigarettes Questionnaire (CEAC)	Hershberger et al., 2017 [24]; Kale et al., 2020 [25]	≥18	O	–	O	O	10
	E-cigarette expectancies compared to cigarette smoking	–	E-cigarette-specific Brief Smoking Consequences Questionnaire-Adult (BSCQ-A)	Hendricks et al., 2015 [26]	≥19	O (>.67)	–	O	O	25
	Perceived harms compared with cigarettes	–	Direct and indirect measures of perceived harm of e-cigarettes and smokeless tobacco compared with smokeless tobacco	Persoskie et al., 2017 [27]	12–17	–	–	–	O	2
	Perceived harms and social norms in the use of e-cigarettes and smokeless tobacco	TPB & integrated model of behavior change	Perceived harms and social norms in the use of electronic cigarettes	Waters et al., 2017 [28]	≥18	O	–	O	O	15
	Expectancies of combined e-cigarette and alcohol use	–	Nicotine and Other Substance Interaction Expectancy Questionnaire E-cig Revised version (NOSIE-ER)	Hershberger et al., 2016 [29]	≥21	O	–	O	O	8
	Attitudes toward e-cig use	–	Electronic cigarette attitudes survey (ECAS)	Diez et al., 2019 [30]	14–19	O	–	O	–	12
Motives	Motivations for e-cigarette experimentation	–	Motivations for e-cigarette experimentation**	Penzes et al., 2016 [31]	≥18 (non-users; young adults)	O (>.68)	–	O	O	27
Use	Susceptibility to future use	–	Susceptibility scale	Cole et al., 2019 [32]	14–17	–	–	–	O	3
		–	Susceptibility to four product classes (e-cigarettes, cigars, hookah and cigarettes)	Carey et al., 2018 [33]	10–18	O	–	O	O	3
	Habitual e-cigarette use	–	Self-report Habit Index (SRHI)	Morean et al., 2018 [34]	≥18	O	–	O	O	12
Symptoms	E-cigarette craving	–	Questionnaire of Vaping Craving (QVC)	Dowd et al., 2019 [35]	≥18	O	–	O	–	10
	E-cigarette dependence	–	Penn State Electronic Cigarette Dependence Index (PS-ECDI).	Piper et al., 2019 [36]; Foulds et al., 2015 [37]	≥18	O	O	O	O	10
		–	E-cigarette Fagerström Test of Cigarette Dependence (e-FTCD)	Piper et al., 2019 [36]	≥18	–	–	O	–	6
		–	E-cigarette Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (e-WISDM)	Piper et al., 2019 [36]	≥18	O	–	O	O	37
		–	Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence applied to Vaping (FTND-V)	Browne & Todd, 2018 [38]	≥17	–	–	O	–	9

Abbreviations: TPB Theory of planned behavior

O = indicates the studies addressed reported reliability or validity

** = freshman/sophmore was reported