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. 2022 May 24;16:889211. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.889211

FIGURE 4.

FIGURE 4

The prebiotic diet increases sleep during the sleep disruption protocol. Rats were exposed to 5 days of sleep disruption achieved by a slowly rotating bar at the bottom of the cage for 20 h per day (ZT6-ZT2). Sleep was recorded throughout this protocol, and (A) NREM sleep and (B) REM sleep during the 20-h sleep disruption periods (S1-S5) are depicted above. Mixed-effect modeling testing for an effect of timepoint, diet, sleep disruption, and interactions was performed for each measure, and significant results are reported in the figure. Data are mean ± SEM. Symbols: **q < 0.01, *q < 0.05, Fisher’s LSD test with Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple comparisons; aq < 0.001 for all four within-timepoint pairwise comparisons between ad lib sleep groups and sleep disruption groups. Con, control diet; NREM, non-rapid eye movement sleep; REM, rapid eye movement sleep; Pre, prebiotic diet. n = 19–24/group.