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. 2022 Jun 7;38(5):835–860. doi: 10.1007/s10680-022-09622-7

Table 5.

Evolution of the study area during the last 70 years through the analysis of selected indicators for the late 1940s, the late 1970s, and the late 2010s

Variable Late 1940s Late 1970s Late 2010s
Territorial transformations
Urban area (% in total landscape) 2 13 26
Per-capita built-up area (m2) 33 116 215
Distance of parcels from downtown (km) 5 11 23
Average size of urban parcels (ha) 90 76 51
Soil quality index (score) 1.63 1.62 1.59
Economic structure
Population density (inhabitants/km2) 420 890 980
Workers in services in total labor force (%) 30–40 45–55 65–70
Workers in industry in total labor force (%) 45–50 40–45 25–30
Building activity (new constructions in total stock) 5–10 10–20 3–4
Vertical profile settlements (Avg. no. floors per building) ≈ 2  > 4 3.5–4
Demographic dynamics
Attica-to-Greece population share (%) 21 36 35
Annual population growth rate (%) 3–4 2–3  < 0.5
Contribution of net migration balance to pop. growth (%) 50–80 50–70  < 10
Mean population age 36–40 38–41 43–45
Foreign population  < 1 1–3 7
Social change
Crude birth rate 2.4 2.3 1.3
Civil marriages (% share in total marriage) 0 0 25–30
Female employment rate (%) Low(≈25) Middle(> 35) High(> 45)
Farmers in total workers (%) 12–16 3–5  < 2
Unemployment rate (%) Middle(≈10) Low(< 10) High(> 15)

Indicators derived from official statistics (census and sampling surveys) carried out by ELSTAT and referring to the administrative region of Attica. Approximate values (or a confidence range) were provided when appropriate based on data availability