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. 2022 May 24;9:787627. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.787627

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Copyright © 2022 Lebert, Ravi, Kensah and Christoph.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Contracting rabbit heart imaged during sinus rhythm using voltage-sensitive optical mapping (staining with Di-4-ANEPPS), refer to Supplementary Video 1. Motion artifacts were inhibited using GPU-accelerated numerical motion tracking and motion compensation. (A) Video image from original recording (500 fps, 320 × 440 pixels, Basler acA720-520um camera). ROI (green and blue, 6 × 6 pixels) used to extract optical traces shown in (E). (B) Motion and deformation of heart surface around ROIs shown in (A) during diastole and systole (region 100 × 100 pixels), the movement is about 25 pixels (13% of the total image width). (C) Series of pixel-wise normalized (20 ms sliding window) optical maps obtained after numerical motion tracking and motion compensation using the GPU-accelerated Farnebäck algorithm. Action potential wave (black: depolarized tissue) propagating from bottom left to top right across the left ventricle. (D) Series of pixel-wise normalized (20 ms sliding window) optical maps without numerical motion tracking and motion compensation. Without motion compensation, the optical maps are distorted by motion artifacts. The action potential wave is yet visible due to the short sliding-window normalization and a relatively strong signal (|ΔF/F|≈7%). (E) Optical traces averaged from ROIs in (A) before (black) and after (blue and green) numerical motion compensation using Farnebäck GPU-based motion tracking algorithm. Motion artifacts become significantly reduced after numerical tracking and stabilization. However, residual illumination-related motion artifacts cannot be overcome with numerical motion tracking alone, refer to Kappadan et al. (20).