Table 2.
Demographic and Language Background of Thai and American Children, Mothers, and Fathers
| Children | Mothers | Fathers | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thai Mean (SE) | American Mean (SE) | Thai Mean (SE) | American Mean (SE) | Thai Mean (SE) | American Mean (SE) | |
| Age (years) | 4.43 (0.08) | 4.37 (0.07) | 37.66 (0.95) | 37.16 (1.20) | 40.03 (1.12) | 39.01 (1.36) |
| Education (years) | - | - | 18.55 (0.67) | 18.00 (0.77) | 19.20 (1.33) | 17.81 (0.68) |
| Age of Thai acquisition (years) | 0.17 (0.15) | - | 1.60 (0.40) | - | 1.78 (0.39) | - |
| Age of English acquisition (years) | 1.40 (0.23) | 0 (0) *** | 8.91 (0.95) | 0.17 (0.12) *** | 9.33 (1.50) | 0.47 (0.19) *** |
| Age of other language acquisition (years) | - | 1.23 (0.45) | - | 11.56 (1.26) | - | 13.50 (0.50) |
| Current exposure to Thaia | 91.19 (1.54) | - | 91.43 (1.61) | - | 86.90 (2.70) | - |
| Current exposure to Englisha | 8.81 (1.54) | 99.50 (0.22) *** | 8.57 (1.61) | 98.81 (0.43) *** | 11.35 (2.38) | 99.56 (0.22) *** |
| Current exposure to other languagea | - | 0.50 (0.22) | - | 1.17 (0.44) | - | 0.38 (0.18) |
| Thai proficiencyb | 5.24 (0.30) | - | 9.13 (0.19) | - | 9.03 (0.24) | - |
| English proficiencyb | 2.44 (0.35) | 6.17 (0.28) *** | 4.25 (0.36) | 9.46 (0.13) *** | 5.44 (0.39) | 9.42 (0.25) *** |
| Other language proficiencyb | - | 0.92 (0.16) | - | 3.70 (0.54) | - | 3.83 (0.50) |
| Thai/English receptive vocabulary (PPVT) | 65.14 (4.55) | 72.67 (2.67) | 195.57 (0.85) | 193.14 (1.46) | - | - |
| Thai/English expressive vocabulary (EVT) | 45.95 (1.37) | 49.62 (1.57)† | 148.24 (2.94) | 155.33 (3.35) | - | - |
Note.
a
Exposure was reported in terms of percentage per day.
b
Proficiency was averaged across speaking, understanding, and reading domains, measured using the LEAP-Q, on a 0–10 scale. Children’s proficiency was reported by their mothers, whereas mothers’ and fathers’ proficiencies were self-reported.
†
p < .10,
***
p < .001.