Table 3a.

Mean Percentages (Standard Deviations) of Mothers’ Language Use

Maternal language measure	Culture		F value	Child Gender		F value	Interaction F value
	American n = 21	Thai n = 21		Boys n = 21	Girls n = 21
Label	0.32 (0.15)	1.23 (0.88)	20.96***	0.77 (0.83)	0.78 (0.73)	0.03	0.24
Description	1.15 (0.63)	1.29 (0.81)	0.36	1.21 (0.69)	1.23 (0.77)	0.003	0.16
Open-ended question	2.52 (1.05)	5.50 (1.88)	40.86***	4.23 (2.37)	3.80 (1.90)	1.46	0.66
Closed-ended question	5.04 (1.35)	3.58 (1.38)	11.38**	4.34 (1.77)	4.29 (1.31)	0.002	0.04
Reframe	0.04 (0.06)	0.19 (0.17)	16.90***	0.14 (0.19)	0.09 (0.08)	2.46	5.77*
Affirmation	2.27 (1.78)	1.40 (1.21)	3.64†	1.58 (1.68)	2.10 (1.44)	1.45	0.21
Repetition	1.45 (0.73)	1.67 (1.04)	0.54	1.46 (0.90)	1.66 (0.90)	0.44	0.13
Request for repetition	0.05 (0.07)	0.20 (0.20)	11.03**	0.12 (0.12)	0.13 (0.21)	0	2.38
Expansion	0.05 (0.08)	0.17 (0.17)	7.79**	0.11 (0.15)	0.10 (0.13)	0.29	0.01
Extension	0.05 (0.08)	0.02 (0.04)	3.37†	0.01 (0.04)	0.06 (0.08)	5.64*	2.64
Recast	0.11 (0.12)	0.01 (0.03)	12.10**	0.08 (0.11)	0.04 (0.07)	2.30	0.85
Direct action request	1.18 (0.74)	2.08 (1.01)	10.42**	1.63 (0.94)	1.63 (1.05)	0.03	0.75
Indirect action request	0.63 (0.53)	0.85 (0.48)	2.06	0.65 (0.46)	0.82 (0.55)	1.12	3.86
Attention directive	0.15 (0.17)	0.65 (0.44)	22.56***	0.40 (0.40)	0.41 (0.43)	0.02	0.01
Positive feedback	0.62 (0.68)	0.12 (0.18)	10.40**	0.34 (0.49)	0.39 (0.62)	0.26	0.44
Negative feedback	0.42 (0.34)	0.49 (0.39)	0.40	0.46 (0.34)	0.45 (0.39)	0.02	0.07
Total utterances	257.67 (178.83)	162.29 (76.93)	5.00*	201.71 (136.10)	218.24 (154.94)	0.24	0.73
Total words	1252.08 (710.35)	1014.84 (513.68)	1.53	1126.04 (653.28)	1140.88 (609.20)	0.02	1.51

Note.

^†p < .10,

^*p < .05,

^**p < .01,

^***p < .001.