Table 3b.

Mean Percentages (Standard Deviations) of Child Language Use

Child language measure	Culture		F value	Child Gender		F value	Interaction F value
	American n = 21	Thai n = 21		Boys n = 21	Girls n = 21
Label	0.63 (0.55)	2.64 (3.52)	6.36*	1.62 (2.49)	1.64 (2.93)	0.01	0.01
Description	1.11 (0.70)	2.34 (1.76)	8.41**	1.76 (1.40)	1.70 (1.56)	0.07	0.02
Open-ended question	0.71 (0.48)	1.56 (1.10)	11.55**	1.31 (1.24)	0.96 (0.46)	2.41	2.79
Closed-ended question	0.84 (0.52)	1.05 (0.74)	1.25	1.04 (0.75)	0.86 (0.50)	1.00	0.97
Reframe	0.01 (0.02)	0.002 (0.01)	0.58	0.003 (0.01)	0.01 (0.02)	0.26	0.19
Affirmation	0.67 (0.52)	0.34 (0.41)	5.62*	0.39 (0.41)	0.61 (0.55)	2.58	0.14
Repetition	0.35 (0.26)	1.08 (1.03)	9.36**	0.62 (0.69)	0.81 (0.96)	0.41	0.001
Request for repetition	0.04 (0.08)	0.08 (0.14)	1.34	0.09 (0.14)	0.03 (0.08)	2.00	3.47†
Expansion	0.001 (0.003)	0.01 (0.02)	1.54	0.001 (0.003)	0.01 (0.02)	1.54	2.42
Extension	0.01 (0.05)	0.004 (0.01)	0.86	0 (0)	0.02 (0.05)	2.99	0.86
Recast	0 (0)	0 (0)	0	0 (0)	0 (0)	0	0
Direct action request	1.82 (1.03)	1.08 (1.04)	5.35*	1.41 (1.23)	1.50 (0.97)	0.14	0.65
Indirect action request	0.92 (0.61)	0.37 (0.29)	18.87***	0.46 (0.36)	0.83 (0.64)	9.13**	2.46
Attention directive	0.25 (0.28)	0.66 (0.64)	7.89**	0.54 (0.65)	0.37 (0.37)	1.55	1.04
Positive feedback	0.03 (0.05)	0.22 (0.33)	6.95*	0.07 (0.16)	0.18 (0.31)	2.13	0.71
Negative feedback	1.01 (0.61)	0.48 (0.50)	8.82**	0.82 (0.63)	0.66 (0.60)	0.65	0.001
Total utterances	232.95 (154.81)	153.86 (90.23)	4.52*	173.67 (107.54)	213.14 (151.69)	0.96	0.94
Total words	1051.99 (663.88)	833.33 (655.44)	1.36	799.42 (625.67)	1085.90 (678.88)	2.21	1.35

Note.

^†p < .10,

^*p < .05,

^**p < .01,

^***p < .001.