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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Feb 2.
Published in final edited form as: Matter. 2021 Dec 21;5(2):573–593. doi: 10.1016/j.matt.2021.11.020

Fig. 4. Cell viability of hMSCs and cell differentiation assays in cryobioprinted GelMA/CPA constructs.

Fig. 4.

(A), Representative live (green)/dead (red) fluorescence images of hMSCs encapsulated in the three selected cryoprotective bioinks and cryopreserved for 72 h. (B to D), Osteogenic differentiation: (B), fluorescence micrographs, (C), semi-quantitative measurements of RUNX2 (1 week) and osteocalcin (2 and 3 weeks), and (D), quantification of Alizarin Red S-staining (3 weeks). (E to G), Chondrogenic differentiation: (E), fluorescence micrographs, (F), semi-quantitative measurements of SOX-9, and (G), quantification of Alcian blue staining (3 weeks). (H to J), Adipogenic differentiation: (H), fluorescence micrographs, (I), semi-quantitative measurements of PPARγ, and (J), quantification of Oil Red O staining (3 weeks). Scale bars in panels A, B, E, and H: 500 μm. n = 3.