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. 2022 Jun 7;70(3):560–589. doi: 10.1057/s41308-022-00165-9
Male No College Degree Below 30 years of age Above 60 years of age Bottom two income deciles Top two income deciles Born abroad Firms of less than 250 workers Part-time
All Countries − 0.069*** − 0.115*** − 0.038*** 0.009*** − 0.116*** 0.181*** − 0.067*** − 0.078*** − 0.057***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.002) (0.001) (0.001) (0.002) (0.001) (0.001)
Austria 0.022* 0.060*** − 0.009 0.023 − 0.003 0.012 − 0.005 0.032** 0.041***
(0.011) (0.011) (0.013) (0.042) (0.014) (0.013) (0.016) (0.014) (0.014)
Belgium 0.005 0.094*** 0.018 0.060 − 0.002 − 0.012 − 0.025 0.031* 0.035**
(0.014) (0.013) (0.018) (0.043) (0.017) (0.016) (0.027) (0.016) (0.016)
Canada − 0.018*** 0.006 − 0.043*** − 0.004 − 0.026*** − 0.002 0.066*** − 0.010
(0.005) (0.005) (0.006) (0.012) (0.007) (0.006) (0.007) (0.007)
Chile − 0.011 0.050*** 0.033*** − 0.043** 0.020* − 0.010 0.017 − 0.014 0.032**
(0.009) (0.008) (0.009) (0.019) (0.011) (0.010) (0.021) (0.012) (0.013)
Cyprus − 0.043 0.035 0.043 − 0.068 0.038 − 0.049 0.055 0.047 0.019
(0.042) (0.046) (0.049) (0.118) (0.051) (0.048) (0.060) (0.072) (0.079)
Czechia − 0.002 0.026* 0.034** − 0.029 0.021 − 0.012 0.017 0.054*** 0.030
(0.011) (0.016) (0.014) (0.031) (0.013) (0.013) (0.027) (0.015) (0.033)
Germany 0.025*** 0.063*** − 0.017*** − 0.010 0.002 0.036*** − 0.049*** − 0.015*** 0.024***
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.008) (0.005) (0.004) (0.006) (0.004) (0.004)
Denmark 0.003 0.035** − 0.065*** 0.040 − 0.028* 0.012 0.013 − 0.029* 0.009
(0.013) (0.013) (0.016) (0.028) (0.016) (0.015) (0.023) (0.018) (0.019)
Ecuador − 0.054*** − 0.070*** 0.024*** − 0.049 0.025* − 0.038*** − 0.010 − 0.022
(0.011) (0.011) (0.012) (0.034) (0.014) (0.012) (0.017) (0.014)
Spain 0.000 − 0.092*** 0.011 0.008 0.006 0.022*** − 0.036*** 0.015* 0.005
(0.006) (0.005) (0.008) (0.017) (0.007) (0.007) (0.008) (0.008) (0.008)
Estonia − 0.036 0.024 0.026 − 0.008 0.006 − 0.057* − 0.002 0.031 0.048
(0.029) (0.030) (0.035) (0.059) (0.036) (0.034) (0.046) (0.046) (0.058)
Finland − 0.005 0.058*** − 0.045*** 0.018 − 0.010 − 0.012 − 0.008 0.001 0.003
(0.014) (0.015) (0.018) (0.028) (0.017) (0.016) (0.034) (0.020) (0.025)
France − 0.017*** 0.027*** 0.029*** 0.010 0.018*** 0.021*** − 0.019*** 0.021*** 0.022***
(0.005) (0.005) (0.006) (0.013) (0.006) (0.005) (0.007) (0.006) (0.006)
United Kingdom 0.001 − 0.001 − 0.006 − 0.008 − 0.038*** 0.045*** 0.046*** − 0.004 − 0.003
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005) (0.011) (0.006) (0.005) (0.007) (0.005) (0.006)
Greece − 0.008 0.013 0.013 0.026 0.050*** − 0.027 − 0.018 0.010 − 0.010
(0.015) (0.015) (0.019) (0.052) (0.018) (0.017) (0.023) (0.026) (0.021)
Hungary − 0.038*** − 0.023** 0.034** − 0.035* − 0.013 0.046*** 0.080** 0.001 − 0.002
(0.010) (0.011) (0.013) (0.021) (0.015) (0.011) (0.033) (0.013) (0.019)
Ireland − 0.006 − 0.010 − 0.010 − 0.053 − 0.011 0.000 0.025 − 0.027 − 0.035*
(0.017) (0.017) (0.020) (0.046) (0.021) (0.020) (0.021) (0.022) (0.020)
Israel − 0.028** − 0.011 − 0.049*** 0.012 − 0.024 0.009 0.023 − 0.030* − 0.013
(0.013) (0.015) (0.014) (0.026) (0.016) (0.015) (0.015) (0.016) (0.016)
Italy − 0.028*** − 0.089*** 0.015** 0.015 0.016** − 0.014** − 0.058*** 0.011 0.037***
(0.005) (0.005) (0.007) (0.016) (0.007) (0.006) (0.009) (0.007) (0.007)
Japan 0.084*** 0.038*** − 0.004 − 0.059*** 0.037*** − 0.036*** 0.088*** − 0.028*** − 0.032***
(0.003) (0.003) (0.004) (0.006) (0.004) (0.004) (0.029) (0.004) (0.004)
Kazakhstan − 0.057*** 0.023** 0.079*** − 0.059** 0.053*** − 0.071*** − 0.003 0.049*** 0.024
(0.009) (0.010) (0.010) (0.029) (0.011) (0.011) (0.020) (0.016) (0.017)
Korea 0.050*** 0.030*** 0.088*** − 0.118*** − 0.004 − 0.061*** − 0.078*** − 0.011 − 0.050***
(0.005) (0.005) (0.006) (0.013) (0.006) (0.006) (0.019) (0.007) (0.007)
Lithuania − 0.051** 0.024 0.048** − 0.010 0.024 0.007 0.015 0.038 0.050
(0.020) (0.020) (0.024) (0.043) (0.024) (0.023) (0.052) (0.027) (0.036)
Mexico − 0.027*** − 0.079*** 0.033*** − 0.049*** 0.060*** − 0.031*** 0.203*** 0.043*** 0.033***
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.011) (0.005) (0.004) (0.048) (0.005) (0.005)
Netherlands 0.022*** − 0.057*** − 0.045*** 0.000 − 0.058*** 0.003 0.012 − 0.003 0.049***
(0.008) (0.008) (0.009) (0.019) (0.010) (0.009) (0.013) (0.010) (0.009)
Norway 0.024* − 0.016 − 0.071*** 0.024 − 0.032* − 0.012 0.008 − 0.006 − 0.023
(0.013) (0.014) (0.016) (0.026) (0.017) (0.016) (0.020) (0.017) (0.019)
New Zealand − 0.016 − 0.023 − 0.037** 0.012 − 0.031 0.028 0.083*** − 0.041* 0.006
(0.016) (0.016) (0.018) (0.031) (0.020) (0.018) (0.018) (0.022) (0.020)
Peru 0.007 0.040*** 0.057*** 0.001 0.160*** − 0.002 0.033***
(0.005) (0.005) (0.006) (0.011) (0.040) (0.013) (0.006)
Poland − 0.053*** 0.011 0.038*** − 0.017 0.003 0.004 0.145** 0.062*** 0.043***
(0.006) (0.009) (0.007) (0.016) (0.007) (0.007) (0.069) (0.008) (0.012)
Singapore 0.004 − 0.033** 0.049*** − 0.084*** − 0.065*** − 0.011 0.096*** 0.003 − 0.074***
(0.016) (0.015) (0.019) (0.031) (0.019) (0.018) (0.018) (0.017) (0.028)
Slovak Republic − 0.027* − 0.065*** 0.052*** − 0.003 − 0.004 − 0.018 0.065 0.070*** 0.011
(0.015) (0.025) (0.019) (0.046) (0.019) (0.018) (0.055) (0.019) (0.034)
Slovenia − 0.030 0.074*** 0.007 0.060 − 0.034 0.037 − 0.071* 0.102*** 0.032
(0.026) (0.029) (0.039) (0.116) (0.032) (0.031) (0.040) (0.031) (0.063)
Sweden 0.001 0.044*** − 0.045*** 0.017 0.003 − 0.015 0.010 0.005 − 0.008
(0.010) (0.011) (0.013) (0.019) (0.013) (0.012) (0.015) (0.013) (0.013)
Turkey − 0.017*** − 0.035*** 0.038*** − 0.001 0.055*** − 0.046*** 0.000 0.051*** 0.016
(0.006) (0.005) (0.006) (0.032) (0.007) (0.006) (0.034) (0.008) (0.014)
United States − 0.025*** 0.002 − 0.048*** 0.071*** − 0.044*** 0.025*** − 0.004 − 0.014*** − 0.029***
(0.002) (0.002) (0.003) (0.005) (0.003) (0.003) (0.004) (0.003) (0.003)

Note: Table contains estimates of country differences from regressions where tele-workability index is regressed on one of the worker characteristics, with an interaction term for the country capturing country differences from the full sample mean. Each worker characteristic variable takes on a value of 1, indicating whether an individual belongs to a given group, or 0. Blank cells are not estimated for a given country due to lack of variable availability in the data. Full sample of 35 countries contains 151,177 observations. Standard errors are in parentheses. *** denotes significance at the 99% level, ** at the 95% level, and * at the 90% level