Table 2. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of occasional and recurrent fallers among patients with Parkinson's disease.
| Falls | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| >1 | ≤1 | p-value | OR (95%CI) | |
| Age (years) | 70 (63–76) | 70 (60–78) | 0.728a | – |
| Male gender, n (%) | 64 (55.2) | 106 (50.2) | 0.393b | 1.22 (0.77–1.92) |
| Family history of PD, n (%) | 22 (19.8) | 39 (18.8) | 0.817b | 1.07 (0.60–1.92) |
| Sleep complaints, n (%) | 81 (70.4) | 137 (65.2) | 0.340b | 1.27 (0.78–2.07) |
| Motor fluctuations, n (%) | 78 (69.6) | 109 (52.4) | 0.003b | 2.08 (1.28–3.39) |
| Dyskinesia, n (%) | 68 (60.2) | 52 (25.0) | <0.001b | 4.53 (2.78–7.40) |
| Hallucinations, n (%) | 41 (37.3) | 34 (17.2) | <0.001b | 2.87 (1.68–4.89) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 46 (39.7) | 98 (46.4) | 0.237b | 0.76 (0.48–1.20) |
| Type 2 DM, n (%) | 22 (19.0) | 48 (23.0) | 0.401b | 0.79 (0.45–1.38) |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 2 (1.7) | 6 (2.9) | 0.717c | 0.60 (0.12–3.00) |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 4 (3.4) | 14 (6.7) | 0.223b | 0.50 (0.16–1.56) |
| Peripheral artery disease, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.0) | 0.539c | 0.35 (0.02–.745) |
| Chronic venous insufficiency, n (%) | 3 (2.6) | 4 (1.9) | 0.703c | 1.36 (0.30–6.19) |
| Active cancer, n (%) | 2 (1.7) | 4 (1.9) | >0.999c | 0.89 (0.16–4.91) |
| Previous cancer, n (%) | 4 (3.5) | 7 (3.5) | >0.999c | 1.00 (0.29–3.51) |
| COPD, n (%) | 3 (2.6) | 2 (1.0) | 0.352c | 2.76 (0.45–16.7) |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 2 (1.7) | 3 (1.4) | >0.999c | 1.20 (0.20–7.31) |
| Orthostatic hypotension, n (%) | 26 (29.5) | 40 (27.8) | 0.772b | 1.09 (0.61–1.96) |
| Previous stroke, n (%) | 9 (7.8) | 9 (4.4) | 0.204b | 1.84 (0.71–4.78) |
| Dementia, n (%) | 28 (24.1) | 31 (14.8) | 0.037b | 1.83 (1.03–3.23) |
| Mild cognitive impairment, n (%) | 14 (12.5) | 10 (5.0) | 0.017b | 2.71 (1.16–6.33) |
| Epilepsy, n (%) | 2 (1.8) | 6 (2.9) | 0.717c | 0.61 (0.12–3.06) |
| Hip fracture, n (%) | 3 (2.6) | 4 (1.9) | 0.700c | 1.39 (0.31–6.33) |
| Hearing impairment, n (%) | 12 (10.5) | 14 (6.8) | 0.247b | 1.61 (0.72–3.60) |
| Visual impairment, n (%) | 10 (8.8) | 9 (4.4) | 0.108b | 2.11 (0.83–5.37) |
| Depression, n (%) | 62 (53.4) | 92 (43.8) | 0.095b | 1.47 (0.93–2.32) |
| Bipolar disorder, n (%) | 1 (0.9) | 2 (0.9) | >0.999c | 0.91 (0.08–10.13) |
| Osteoporosis, n (%) | 11 (9.8) | 25 (13.0) | 0.414b | 0.73 (0.35–1.55) |
| Osteoarthritis, n (%) | 21 (19.3) | 34 (18.2) | 0.817b | 1.07 (0.59–1.96) |
| Urinary incontinence, n (%) | 51 (44.7) | 68 (32.4) | 0.028b | 1.69 (1.06–2.70) |
| Walking aids, n (%) | 29 (27.4) | 32 (16.1) | 0.019b | 1.97 (1.11–3.48) |
| Motor physical therapy, n (%) | 14 (13.3) | 28 (14.6) | 0.768b | 0.90 (0.45–1.80) |
| Hoehn and Yahr stage | 3.0 (2.5–4.0) | 2.3 (2.0–3.0) | <0.001a | – |
| SE ADL score | 75 (50–90) | 80 (60–90) | 0.007a | – |
| Disease duration (years) | 10.00 (6.00–17.00) | 7.00 (4.00–11.00) | <0.001a | – |
Data expressed as percentages and medians (25th–75th).
a
Mann-Whitney U test;
b
Pearson's X2 test;
c
Fisher's exact test.
PD: Parkinson's disease; SE ADL: Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living scale; DM: diabetes mellitus; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SNRIs: serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors; SSRIs: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; OR: Odds Ratio; 95%CI: confidence interval. Bold values denote a statistically significant difference.