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. 2022 Jun 7;30(10):2339–2349. doi: 10.1007/s10389-022-01722-2

Table 2.

Multinomial logistic regression identifying correlates of COVID symptoms and testing outcomes (ref=no symptoms/negative test)

Variable Symptoms but no test Tested positive
OR CI p OR CI p
Sociodemographics
Age 1.02 .98, 1.06 .409 .96 .89, 1.02 .198
Female (ref: male) a .80 .56, 1.12 .194 .58 .34, .99 .045
Sexual minority (ref: heterosexual) 1.14 .79, 1.64 .486 .87 .45, 1.66 .666
Race (ref: White)
   Black .64 .27, 1.54 .317 1.38 .45, 4.22 .574
   Asian .38 .19, .77 .008 .94 .40, 2.23 .892
   Other 1.19 .71, 2.01 .513 1.12 .48, 2.61 .797
Hispanic (ref: non-Hispanic) .68 .37, 1.26 .221 .99 .40, 2.46 .983
Predictors of interest
MSA (ref: Oklahoma City) b
   Atlanta 1.07 .52, 2.19 .856 .70 .33, 1.48 .350
   Boston 1.49 .76, 2.92 .246 .18 .06, .53 .002
   Minneapolis 1.19 .59, 2.40 .624 .50 .23, 1.13 .095
   San Diego .75 .35, 1.60 .449 .16 .05, .50 .002
   Seattle .99 .48, 2.03 .973 .20 .07, .59 .003
Social distancing adherence .95 .79, 1.15 .609 .70 .53, .92 .009
Sanitary adherence .96 .78, 1.19 .714 1.06 .79, 1.41 .712
Employment status (ref: work outside of home)
   Unemployed 1.61 .91, 2.82 .099 .62 .25, 1.53 .302
   Work from home 1.73 .84, 3.58 .138 1.18 .43, 3.25 .755
   Switched to work from home 1.43 .89, 2.31 .136 .88 .44, 1.75 .706
   Laid off 1.48 .80, 2.71 .210 .96 .41, 2.28 .934
   New employment 1.96 .89, 4.34 .095 .28 .04, 2.18 .225
   Other 2.15 1.01, 4.60 .047 1.07 .30, 3.80 .918
Household composition *
   Partner/spouse .78 .52, 1.18 .246 1.72 .90, 3.28 .101
   Children .70 .38, 1.29 .247 .57 .23, 1.39 .217
   Others (other than partner/children) .86 .57, 1.30 .477 1.07 .55, 2.09 .848
Political orientation (ref: no lean)
   Democrat 1.51 .86, 2.66 .152 .92 .43, 1.95 .819
   Republican .94 .44, 1.99 .874 1.17 .49, 2.78 .730
Nagelkerke R2 .081

Notes * Dummy coded, so each is compared to “no” for that variable. a 69 participants responded as “other” and were thus excluded from analyses. b 198 participants resided in “other” MSA at W5 and were excluded from primary analyses