Table 3.

Linear regression models for association between study variables and HPV/COVID-19 vaccine confidence

Variables	HPV Vaccine Confidence (Range 3–12)
	M	SD	Unadjusted					Adjusted
			Beta	SE	95% CI	95% CI	p-Value	Beta	SE	95% CI	95% CI	p-Value
Gender identity
Female (Reference)	9.7	2.1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Male	9.3	2.4	− 0.42	0.23	− 0.87	0.03	0.07	–	–	–	–	–
Community type
Rural	9.5	2.1	− 0.26	0.31	− 0.87	0.34	0.39	–	–	–	–	–
Suburban	9.6	2.2	− 0.10	0.27	− 0.62	0.42	0.71	–	–	–	–	–
Urban (Reference)	9.7	2.1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Race
White (Reference)	9.7	2.1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Black	9.2	2.3	− 0.41	0.30	− 1.00	0.17	0.16	–	–	–	–	–
Other (Asian, Native Hawaiian, American Indian, multi-racial)	9.7	2.2	0.00	0.36	− 0.69	0.72	0.97	–	–	–	–	–
Hispanic, Latinx or Spanish Origin
No (reference)	9.6	2.1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Yes	9.8	2.1	0.19	0.36	− 0.52	0.90	0.60
Religiosity
Very	9.6	2.4	− 0.03	0.34	− 0.69	0.63	0.93	–	–	–	–	–
Somewhat	9.6	2.0	− 0.07	0.28	− 0.63	0.49	0.81	–	–	–	–	–
Not very	9.7	2.3	0.06	0.33	− 0.59	0.71	0.86	–	–	–	–	–
Not at all (Reference)	9.6	2.2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Political affiliation
Republican (Reference)	9.3	2.2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Democrat	10.1	2.1	0.75	0.24	0.27	1.22	0.00	0.57	0.24	0.10	1.04	0.02
Independent	9.4	2.2	0.04	0.25	− 0.45	0.54	0.86	0.12	0.25	− 0.37	0.60	0.64
Education level
High school, Technical school or did not complete high school (Reference)	9.1	2.1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Some college	9.4	2.2	0.24	0.27	− 0.30	0.78	0.39	0.06	0.27	− 0.47	0.60	0.82
Completed college	9.8	2.1	0.69	0.26	0.17	1.21	0.01	0.45	0.27	− 0.09	0.99	0.10
Completed graduate education	10.4	1.9	1.29	0.30	0.69	1.88	< .0001	0.82	0.35	0.13	1.50	0.02
Employment status
Full-time (Reference)	9.7	2.1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Part-time	9.5	2.0	− 0.21	0.32	− 0.84	0.42	0.52	–	–	–	–	–
Unemployed	9.5	2.2	− 0.16	0.30	− 0.75	0.43	0.59	–	–	–	–	–
Other	9.5	2.4	− 0.12	0.29	− 0.70	0.46	0.69	–	–	–	–	–
Marital status
Never been married (Reference)	9.5	2.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Living with a partner	9.4	2.2	− 0.13	0.39	0.89	0.63	0.73	–	–	–	–	–
Married	9.7	2.1	0.14	0.29	0.43	0.70	0.64	–	–	–	–	–
Other (e.g., divorced, widowed)	9.6	2.2	0.12	0.35	0.56	0.80	0.73	–	–	–	–	–
Household Income (1–7)*			0.17	0.05	0.06	0.28	0.002	0.06	0.06	− 0.07	0.18	0.36
Relationship with Child's Healthcare Provider (1–4)			0.73	0.17	0.40	1.06	< .0001	0.60	0.47	0.26	0.93	< .001
Social media usage (at least once a day)
Facebook	9.7	2.1	0.48	0.24	0.01	0.94	0.04	0.34	0.23	− 0.12	0.79	0.15
YouTube	9.7	2.1	0.21	0.20	− 0.19	0.61	0.30	–	–	–	–	–
Instagram	9.7	2.0	0.21	0.21	− 0.19	0.62	0.30	–	–	–	–	–
Twitter	10.0	2.1	0.45	0.24	− 0.02	0.93	0.06	–	–	–	–	–

Variables	COVID-19 Vaccine confidence (Range 3–12)
	M	SD	Unadjusted					Adjusted
			Beta	SE	95% CI	95% CI	p-Value	Beta	SE	95% CI	95% CI	p-Value
Gender identity
Female (Reference)	8.01	2.83	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Male	9.12	2.98	1.11	0.30	0.51	1.71	< .001	0.43	0.32	− 0.19	1.05	0.17
Community type
Rural	7.25	2.80	− 1.64	0.40	− 2.43	− 0.86	< .0001	− 0.26	0.40	− 1.04	0.52	0.52
Suburban	8.64	2.84	− 0.26	0.35	− 0.95	0.43	0.46	0.10	0.33	− 0.56	0.75	0.77
Urban (Reference)	8.90	2.88	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Race
White (Reference)	8.30	2.93	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Black	8.11	2.94	− 0.18	0.40	− 0.98	0.61	0.65	–	–	–	–	–
Other (Asian, Native Hawaiian, American Indian, multi-racial)	9.08	2.64	0.78	0.49	− 0.19	1.74	0.11	–	–	–	–	–
Hispanic, Latinx or Spanish Origin
No (reference)	8.30	2.91	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Yes	8.74	2.88	0.44	0.49	− 0.51	1.40	0.36	–	–	–	–	–
Religiosity
Very	8.39	2.87	0.07	0.45	− 0.81	0.95	0.88	–	–	–	–	–
Somewhat	8.05	2.84	− 0.27	0.38	− 1.02	0.47	0.47	–	–	–	–	–
Not very	8.91	2.90	0.59	0.44	− 0.03	1.45	0.18	–	–	–	–	–
Not at all (Reference)	8.33	3.07	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Political affiliation
Republican (Reference)	7.34	2.91	–	–	–	–	–
Democrat	9.30	2.77	1.90	0.32	1.28	2.53	< .0001	1.70	0.32	1.08	2.32	< .0001
Independent	8.20	2.74	0.80	0.33	0.15	1.45	0.02	1.02	0.32	0.39	1.65	0.00
Education level
High school, Technical school or did not complete high school (Reference)	7.45	2.81	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Some college	7.53	2.91	0.07	0.35	− 0.62	0.77	0.84	− 0.21	0.35	− 0.89	0.47	0.55
Completed college	8.90	2.63	1.44	0.34	0.77	2.11	< .0001	0.64	0.36	− 0.07	1.36	0.08
Completed graduate education	10.04	2.53	2.58	0.39	1.82	3.35	< .0001	0.99	0.47	0.02	1.85	0.046
Employment status
Full-time (Reference)	8.62	2.96	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Part-time	8.33	2.44	− 0.29	0.43	− 1.13	0.55	0.50	0.48	0.41	− 0.32	1.28	0.24
Unemployed	7.78	3.01	− 0.83	0.40	− 1.63	− 0.04	0.04	0.13	0.41	− 0.67	0.93	0.75
Other	7.82	2.81	− 0.79	0.40	− 1.57	− 0.02	0.05	0.25	0.38	− 0.50	0.99	0.52
Marital status
Never been married (Reference)	7.61	2.90	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Living with a partner	7.51	3.01	− 0.10	0.50	− 1.09	0.89	0.84	− 0.01	0.48	− 0.96	0.95	0.99
Married	8.97	2.82	1.36	0.38	0.62	2.10	< .001	0.78	0.39	0.02	1.54	0.05
Other (e.g., divorced, widowed)	7.71	2.69	0.10	0.46	− 0.80	0.99	0.83	0.16	0.44	− 0.70	1.02	0.72
Household Income (1–7)*			0.49	0.07	0.36	0.63	< .0001	0.23	0.09	0.06	0.40	0.01
Relationship with Child's Healthcare Provider (1–4)			0.53	0.23	0.08	0.99	0.02	0.28	0.22	− 0.15	0.71	0.20
Social media usage (at least once a day)
Facebook	8.35	2.92	0.04	0.32	− 0.59	0.67	0.90	–	–	–	–	–
YouTube	8.41	2.94	0.16	0.28	− 0.39	0.70	0.57	–	–	–	–	–
Instagram	8.68	2.81	0.60	0.28	0.06	1.14	0.03	0.30	0.27	− 0.24	0.84	0.27
Twitter	9.47	2.77	1.47	0.32	0.85	2.10	< .0001	0.46	0.34	− 0.22	1.13	0.18

HPV/COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence was measured as a composite score (3–12) of three, 4-point Likert scale questions, where a higher score indicated higher confidence in HPV/COVID-19 Vaccine

*The household income was assessed as a continuous variable in the regression models where a unit increase in household income (e.g., from less than $24,999 to $25,000-$49,000) can, on average, lead to a 0.17 to 0.49 increase in HPV or COVID-19 vaccine confidence score in the unadjusted model