Table 2.
Association between demographic and clinical characteristics and 12-month referral in the Southeastern United States in crude and multivariable models
| Characteristics | Bivariate model, OR (95% CI) | Multivariable model,a OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||
| Men | Reference | Reference |
| Women | 0.83 (0.80–0.86) | 0.86 (0.82–0.90) |
| Age, yr | ||
| 18–44 | Reference | Reference |
| 45–64 | 0.51 (0.48–0.54) | 0.55 (0.51–0.58) |
| 65–80 | 0.18 (0.17–0.19) | 0.21 (0.20–0.23) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | Reference | Reference |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.50 (1.44–1.56) | 1.27 (1.21–1.34) |
| Hispanic | 1.77 (1.57–1.99) | 1.31 (1.14–1.50) |
| Other | 1.80 (1.56–2.07) | 1.60 (1.35–1.87) |
| Insurance | ||
| Private | Reference | Reference |
| Medicare | 0.33 (0.32–0.35) | 0.63 (0.59–0.67) |
| Medicaid | 0.42 (0.39–0.44) | 0.46 (0.43–0.49) |
| Other | 0.60 (0.55–0.65) | 0.61 (0.56–0.67) |
| No coverage | 0.73 (0.68–0.79) | 0.58 (0.53–0.63) |
| Obesity (BMI, kg/m2) | ||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 0.65 (0.57–0.74) | 0.68 (0.59–0.79) |
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | Reference | Reference |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 1.21 (1.15–1.28) | 1.16 (1.09–1.23) |
| Obese class I (30–34.9) | 1.34 (1.27–1.42) | 1.24 (1.16–1.33) |
| Obese class II (35–39.9) | 1.34 (1.26–1.44) | 1.20 (1.11–1.30) |
| Obese class III (≥40) | 0.98 (0.91–1.04) | 0.75 (0.70–0.82) |
| Primary cause of ESKD | ||
| Diabetes | Reference | Reference |
| Hypertension | 1.05 (1.01–1.10) | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) |
| Glomerulonephritis | 1.86 (1.73–2.00) | 1.23 (1.12–1.35) |
| Other | 0.78 (0.73–0.83) | 0.75 (0.69–0.82) |
| Pre-ESKD nephrology careb | 1.45 (1.38–1.52) | 1.64 (1.55–1.73) |
| Informed of transplant as a treatment optionb | 2.18 (2.04–2.33) | 1.75 (1.62–1.89) |
| Comorbiditiesb | ||
| Current smoker | 0.79 (0.74–0.84) | 0.79 (0.73–0.85) |
| Congestive heart failure | 0.54 (0.52–0.57) | 0.73 (0.69–0.77) |
| Atherosclerotic disease | 0.53 (0.49–0.57) | 0.82 (0.76–0.89) |
| Other cardiac disease | 0.54 (0.51–0.57) | 0.77 (0.72–0.81) |
| Diabetes | 0.86 (0.82–0.89) | 0.97 (0.91–1.02) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 0.53 (0.50–0.57) | 0.71 (0.65–0.77) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 0.55 (0.51–0.59) | 0.79 (0.72–0.86) |
| Cancer | 0.40 (0.36–0.43) | 0.57 (0.51–0.63) |
BMI, body mass index; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; OR, odds ratio.
a
Adjusted for all characteristics in Table 2.
b
Reference group is “no” vs. yes to each specific comorbidity.