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. 2022 Jun 7;12:9389. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-13629-9

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© The Author(s) 2022, corrected publication 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of Klebsiella oxytoca on the occurrence of depression and colitis in germ-free mice. Effect on the occurrence of depression-like behaviors (a) and hippocampal IL-1β level (b), BDNF⁺/NeuN⁺ (c), NF-κB⁺/Iba1⁺ (d), LPS⁺/Iba1⁺ (e), and IL-1R⁺ cell populations (f) in germ-free mice. Klebsiella oxytoca (KO, 1 × 10⁷ CFU/mouse/day) were orally gavaged for 5 days in mice (n = 6, in specific-germ-free mice; n = 4, in germ-free mice). Control mice (CON) were treated with vehicle (saline) instead of the bacterial suspension. Data are shown as box plots. Means with same letters are not significantly different (p < 0.05). All were analyzed using unpaired t-test.