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. 2022 Jun 7;13:3149. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-30713-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Schematic showing the orthogonal regulation of UCNPs-DI for photoacoustic imaging-guided on-demand treatment. b TEM images and DLS of UCNPs and UCNPs-DI, respectively. Scale bar, 20 nm. c Absorption spectra of ICG, DPP, UCNPs-I, UCNPs-D, and UCNPs-DI. d Upconversion emission spectra of UCNPs and UCNPs-DI under 980 nm PW or CW irradiation. e PA intensity of UCNPs-DI as a function of concentration (R² = 0.97789), and the inset shows the point PA signal. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). f Temperature changes of UCNPs-DI under irradiation of 980 nm PW or CW laser at the same power density (0.5 W/cm²). g Normalized SOSG fluorescence intensity in the presence of UCNPs-DI under 980 nm PW or CW irradiation.