Table 1.

Meta-analysis results for change in HbA1c by timepoint and type of diabetes

Timepoints (months)	Age group	Type of diabetes	Number of trials	Change in HbA1c (%)	Lower CL	Upper CL	Q	I2	P value	τ2
3–4	Adults	T1DM	16	− 0.53	− 0.69	− 0.38	181.1	91.7	< 0.0001	0.06574
3–4	Adults	T2DM	5	− 0.45	− 0.57	− 0.33	9.9	59.5	0.0427	0.00000
4.5–7.5	Adults	T1DM	23	− 0.42	− 0.58	− 0.27	336.5	93.5	< 0.0001	0.1030
4.5–7.5	Adults	T2DM	9	− 0.59	− 0.80	− 0.39	71.9	88.9	< 0.0001	0.06313

There was substantial heterogeneity between trials, with I² above 75% in T1DM at each timepoint. For T2DM, I² was also above 75% at 4.5–7.5 months, with other timepoints comprising 5 or fewer trials

T1DM, type 1 diabetes; T2DM, type 2 diabetes