Table 1.
Roles of EVs in specific systems and diseases.
| Roles of EVs in specific systems and diseases | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| System | Type of EVs | Bacterium | EV origin | Role/function of EVs | Reference |
| Respiratory system | Host-derived EVs | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Macrophage | Changes of EV contents: miRNA and mRNA | (54) |
| Mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guerin | Macrophage | Changes of EV contents: miRNA | (55) | ||
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Macrophage | Transfer of bacterial RNA | (39) | ||
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Monocytic cell (THP-1) | Changes of EV contents: proteins | (56) | ||
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Macrophage (J774 cell) | Changes of EV contents: proteins | (57) | ||
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Macrophage (RAW264.7 cell) | Participation in innate immune | (58) | ||
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Macrophage | Participation in innate and adaptive immune | (59) | ||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Airway epithelial cell | Participation in innate immune | (60) | ||
| Bacterial EVs | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Virulence release during intracellular stay | (61) | |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Pathogenic role during tuberculosis | (62) | ||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Triggering innate immune response | (63) | ||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Triggering innate immune response | (64) | ||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Triggering innate immune response | (65) | ||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Regulating regulatory T cells | (66) | ||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Regulating regulatory T cells | (67) | ||
| Gastrointestinal system | Host-derived EVs | Helicobacter pylori | Serum | Impairment in endothelial functions | (68) |
| Helicobacter pylori | Gastric epithelial cell | Impairment in endothelial functions | (69) | ||
| Helicobacter pylori | Blood | Impairment in endothelial functions | (70) | ||
| Helicobacter pylori | Gastric cancer cell | Contribution to carcinogenesis | (71) | ||
| Salmonella typhimurium | Macrophage | Proinflammatory effects | (72) | ||
| Salmonella typhimurium | Macrophage | Participation in adaptive immune system | (73) | ||
| Bacterial EVs | Helicobacter pylori | Helicobacter pylori | Proinflammatory effects | (44) | |
| Helicobacter pylori | Helicobacter pylori | Suppression on T cells | (74) | ||
| Helicobacter pylori | Helicobacter pylori | Contribution to carcinogenesis | (75) | ||
| Helicobacter pylori | Helicobacter pylori | Impairment in endothelial functions | (76) | ||
| Salmonella typhimurium | Salmonella typhimurium | Virulence release during intracellular stay | (77) | ||
| Salmonella typhimurium | Salmonella typhimurium | Virulence delivery | (78) | ||
| Salmonella typhimurium | Salmonella typhimurium | Triggering autophagy | (79) | ||
| Urinary system | Host-derived EVs | Uropathogenic Escherichia coli | Bladder epithelial cell | Participation in innate immune system | (80) |
| Uropathogenic Escherichia coli | Urothelial cell | Damage to the barrier | (81) | ||
| Bacterial EVs | Uropathogenic Escherichia coli | Uropathogenic Escherichia coli | Virulence delivery | (82) | |
| Uropathogenic Escherichia coli | Uropathogenic Escherichia coli | Suppression on inflammation | (83) | ||