Table 1.

Strategies to address disparities in thyroid care.

	Address systems factors	Address physician factors	Address patient factors
At the level of the individual
Physician training and education on effective use of trained medical interpreters to provide care to limited English proficient patients	X	X	X
Continuing medical education courses in thyroid ultrasonography and effective shared decision making for physicians	X	X	X
Clinical practice guidelines on appropriate thyroid ultrasound use	X	X
Easily accessible information support tools and decision aids for thyroid disease in patients’ preferred language			X
At the level of hospitals and healthcare systems
Financial investment to improve healthcare access for limited English proficient patients (i.e., multilingual hospital signs/information, multilingual patient portal)	X	X	X
Use of non-traditional platforms for virtual visits (e.g., FaceTime, telephone)	X		X
Availability of financial counselors to assist thyroid cancer patients from the time of diagnosis	X		X
Community engagement to better understand and address the social and environmental factors that impact the health of its community members	X		X
Public policy
Funding for disparities-focused research	X	X	X
Resource allocation to increase access to trained medical interpreters for limited English proficient patients, and to high-volume surgeons for all patients	X		X
Reimbursement by insurance companies for virtual visits and for thyroid specialists across state lines	X		X
Expand Medicaid coverage or provide alternative affordable insurance option for uninsured adults	X		X