TABLE 3.
Linear mixed models of study variables over time.
| Time (months) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 6 | 12 | 18 | 24 | 30 | P | |
| BMI, Kg/m2 | 32 ± 5 | 31 ± 5 | 30 ± 5 | 30 ± 5 | 29 ± 5 | 29 ± 4 | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 122 ± 12 | 119 ± 12 | 118 ± 10 | 116 ± 8 | 115 ± 8 | 113 ± 7 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 73 ± 8 | 70 ± 7 | 69 ± 7 | 67 ± 7 | 66 ± 6 | 66 ± 6 | <0.001 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 76 ± 11 | 72 ± 8 | 69 ± 8 | 66 ± 7 | 65 ± 7 | 64 ± 6 | <0.001 |
| Respiratory rate, breath/min | 17 ± 3 | 16 ± 2 | 15 ± 2 | 13 ± 2 | 13 ± 2 | 13 ± 1 | <0.001 |
| MLHFQ, total score | 89.7 ± 3.6 | 84.1 ± 4.9 | 80.5 ± 4.4 | 77.4 ± 4.5 | 75.3 ± 3.7 | 73.1 ± 3.9 | <0.001 |
| e-GFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 67.3 ± 19 | 72.8 ± 17.9 | 81.4 ± 17.5 | 83.8 ± 15.8 | 85.5 ± 16 | 86.4 ± 13.2 | <0.001 |
| NT- proBNP, pg/ml | 1904 (900–3,461) | 1,281 (678–2,873) | 979 (432–1845) | 770 (411–1,670) | 712 (411–1,476) | 628.5 (389–1,245) | <0.001 |
| Glycemia, mg/dl | 112 (98–145) | 102 (92–136) | 95 (89–101) | 91 (88–100) | 90 (85–96) | 88.5 (81–93) | <0.001 |
| Insulinemia, µU/ml | 27 (21–40) | 22 (18–35) | 19.5 (15–25) | 19 (15–23) | 18 (15–20) | 17 (15–19) | <0.001 |
| IGF-1, ng/ml | 82 (76–92) | 88 (81–106) | 99.5 (90–116) | 103 (96–125) | 109 (100–129) | 116 (106–134) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 6.8 (5.8–7.7) | 5.9 (5.4–7.5) | 5.6 (5–6.2) | 5.6 (5–6.2) | 5.6 (5–6.2) | 5.4 (5–6) | <0.001 |
| HOMA, (mmol/L*[μU/ml]/22.5) | 7.55 (5.63–11.93) | 5.99 (4.44–9.41) | 4.71 (3.64–6.42) | 4.44 (3.64–5.87) | 4.13 (3.44–5.21) | 3.75 (3.08–4.19) | <0.001 |
| Uric acid, mg/dl | 6.63 ± 0.89 | 5.9 ± 1.08 | 5.71 ± 1.12 | 5.62 ± 0.99 | 5.49 ± 0.82 | 5.41 ± 0.75 | <0.001 |
| hs-CRP, mg/l | 7.65 (7.2–7.8) | 6.8 (6.4–7) | 6.175 (5.74–6.31) | 5.61 (5.27–5.74) | 5.02 (4.61–5.15) | 4.33 (3.78–4.61) | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 81 ± 33 | 77 ± 30 | 72 ± 28 | 71 ± 29 | 69 ± 20 | 67 ± 19 | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 43 ± 10 | 44 ± 9 | 45 ± 12 | 46 ± 11 | 47 ± 10 | 46 ± 9 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 130.5 (110–189) | 128.5 (100–167) | 110 (88–125) | 110 (88–121) | 110 (87–115) | 99.5 (84–106) | <0.001 |
| LVEDV/BSA, ml/m2 | 89.48 ± 8.24 | 87.97 ± 7.67 | 85.01 ± 10.16 | 83.4 ± 10.33 | 82.9 ± 10.33 | 82.34 ± 10.35 | <0.001 |
| LVESV/BSA, ml/m2 | 60.96 ± 5.9 | 57.75 ± 5.32 | 54.6 ± 6.53 | 51.83 ± 6.62 | 50.88 ± 6.61 | 50.01 ± 6.56 | <0.001 |
| LVEF, % | 31.88 ± 1.47 | 34.37 ± 1.53 | 35.76 ± 1.59 | 37.87 ± 1.65 | 38.66 ± 1.67 | 39.3 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
| Cardiac index, ml/min/m2 | 1,698.19 ± 201.49 | 1879.83 ± 205.74 | 1972.97 ± 200.05 | 2029.97 ± 209.63 | 2,103.27 ± 209.63 | 2,158.89 ± 211.15 | <0.001 |
| E/e’ | 17 (16–18) | 16 (14–17) | 15 (13–16) | 14 (13–15) | 14 (13–15) | 14 (13–15) | <0.001 |
| GLS, % | −7.81 ± 1.26 | −9.04 ± 1.6 | −10.85 ± 1.54 | −11.64 ± 2.1 | −12.88 ± 2.06 | −13.92 ± 1.73 | <0.001 |
| TAPSE, mm | 16.2 ± 1.3 | 17.1 ± 1.8 | 17.8 ± 1.8 | 18.2 ± 2.1 | 19 ± 2.5 | 19.3 ± 2.3 | <0.001 |
| s-PAP, mmHg | 45.4 ± 7.3 | 42.4 ± 7.3 | 40.4 ± 7.3 | 37.5 ± 6.3 | 34.6 ± 5.6 | 33.6 ± 4.9 | <0.001 |
| IVC, mm | 19.6 (19.4–21) | 19 (17–21) | 19 (18–20) | 18 (18–20) | 18 (18–20) | 18 (17–19) | <0.001 |
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; MLHFQ, minnesota living with heart failure questionnaire; Na, Sodium; K, potassium; e-GFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HOMA, homeostatic model assessment; hs-CRP, highly sensitive c-reactive protein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LVEDV/BSA, left ventricular end-diastolic volume index/body surface area; LVESV/BSA, left ventricular end-systolic volume index/body surface area; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; GLS, global longitudinal strain; TAPSE, Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; s-PAP, systolic pulmonary arterial pressure; IVC, inferior vena cava.