TABLE 3.
Summary of extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells for the repair of rotary cuff injuries.
| Animal | Injury model | Source of EVs/extraction/dose/frequency | Delivery method/site | Time of observation | Results | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wang C. et al., (2020) | Rabbit | Acute tear and repair of supraspinatus tendon | human ADSC-derived EVs/ultracentrifugation/1 ×1011 particles/once | Saline/distal site of the supraspinatusmuscle | 6 and 18 weeks | ASC-Evs showed significantly lower fatty infiltration, a higher histological score and more newly regenerated fibrocartilage at the repair site and biomechanical properties than the saline group |
| Huang et al., (2020) | Rat | Chronic tear and repair of supraspinatus tendon | Rat BMSC-derived EVs/ultracentrifugation/200 μg/once | PBS/tail vein | 4 and 8 weeks | BMSC-Evs increased the breaking load and stiffness of the rotator cuff after repair, induced angiogenesis around the rotator cuff endpoint, and promoted growth of the tendon–bone interface |
| Wang et al., (2021) | Mice | Chronic supraspinatus tendinopathy | Human ADSC-derived EVs/ultracentrifugation/1 ×1011 particles/once | Saline/enthesis site of the supraspinatusmuscle | 4 weeks | Mice in the ASC-Evs group showed less cellular infiltration, disorganization of collagen, and ground substance deposition, and higher maximum failure load and stiffness, than that of the saline group |
| Fu et al., (2021) | Rat | Chronic tear and repair of supraspinatus tendon | Human ADSC-derived EVs/ultracentrifugation/300 μg/once | Commercial hydrogel/shoulder site (no detailed information) | 4 and 8 weeks | The ADSC-EVs have less inflammation and mire regular alignment and greater the expression of RUNX2, Sox9, TNMD, TNC and Scx, and higher mechanical properties compared with other groups |
| Kim et al., (2022) | Rabbit | Chronic tear and repair of supraspinatus tendon | Human umbilical cord-derived EVs/ultracentrifugation/2.9 ×109 particles/once | Collagen/bursal side of the repaired site | 12 weeks | The umbilical cord-derived EVs showed greater histomorphometric total score of collagen maturation in bone–tendon interface, lower fatty degeneration, and growing trends in mechanical properties as compared with applying collagen only or repair only |