Table 1.

Roles of circRNAs in four main immune-related diseases.

Diseases	circRNAs	Functions	Related molecules	Related pathways	Ref
Organ-specific autoimmune diseases
Multiple sclerosis	circ_0005402	Potential biomarker	——	——	(25)
	circ_0035560
	hsa_circ_0106803	Potential biomarker	——	——	(26)
Primary biliary cholangitis	hsa_circ_402458	Potential biomarker	——	——	(27)
Lupus nephritis	circ_002453	Potential biomarker	——	——	(28)
Autoimmune myocarditis	circSnx5	miRNA sponge	miR-544, SOCS1, PU.1	JAK/STAT signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway	(29)
Systemic autoimmune diseases
Systemic lupus erythematosus	hsa_circ_0045272	miRNA sponge	IL-2, hsa-miR-6127	Apoptosis signaling pathway	(30)
	hsa_circ_0000479	Potential biomarker	——	——	(31)
	hsa_circ_0044235	Potential biomarker	——	——	(32)
	hsa_circ_0068367
	circPTPN22	Potential activity indicator	——	——	(33)
	hsa_circ_407176	Potential biomarker	——	——	(34)
	hsa_circ_001308
Rheumatoid arthritis	hsa_circ_0001200	Potential biomarker	——	——	(35)
	hsa_circ_0001566
	hsa_circ_0003972
	hsa_circ_0008360
	hsa_circ_0000396	Potential biomarker	——	——	(36)
	hsa_circ_0130438
	hsa_circ_0088036	miRNA sponge	miR-140-3p, SIRT1	AMPK signaling pathway, mTOR signaling pathway	(37)
Primary Sjögren's syndrome	hsa_circ_001264	Potential biomarker	——	——	(38)
	hsa_circ_104121
	hsa_circ_045355
Tumor immunology
Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma	hsa_circ_001569	miRNA sponge	CD274, IL-10, FOXP3	Th17 cell differentiation	(39)
	hsa_circ_001859
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma	circUBAP2	miRNA sponge	CXCR4, ZEB1	Wnt signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway	(40)
Melanoma	circ_0020710	miRNA sponge	miR-370-3p, CXCL12	mTOR signaling pathway	(41)
Non-small cell lung cancer	circMET	miRNA sponge	miR-145-5p, CXCL3	TNF signaling pathway	(42)
	circFGFR1	miRNA sponge	miR-381-3p, CXCR4	HIF-1 signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway	(43)
Hepatocellular carcinoma	circUHRF1	miRNA sponge, potential biomarker	miR-449c-5p, IFN-γ, TNF-α, TIM-3	TNF signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway	(44)
Colorectal cancer	circSPARC	miRNA sponge, protein binder, potential biomarker and therapeutic target	miR-485-3p, JAK2, STAT3, FUS	JAK/STAT signaling pathway	(45)
Infectious diseases
Pulmonary tuberculosis	hsa_circ_14623	miRNA sponge, potential biomarker	——	Endocytosis pathways in cancer, MAPK signaling pathway, HTLV-1 infection, and ubiquitin- mediated proteolysis signaling pathway	(46)
	hsa_circ_09585
	hsa_circ_005538
	hsa_circ_09993
	hsa_circ_00074
	hsa_circ_13478
	hsa_circ_0005836	potential biomarker and therapeutic target	——	——	(47)
Active tuberculosis	hsa_circ_001937	potential biomarker	——	——	(48)
Bacterial meningitis	hg38_circ_0002276	miRNA sponge	hsa-miR-548o-3p	——	(49)
	hg38_circ_0031043		hsa-miR-548o-3p
	hg38_circ_ 0027134		hsa-miR- 148a-3p
	hg38_circ_ 0032477		hsa-miR- 148a-3p
	hg38_circ_0008980		hsa-miR-660-5p
	hg38_circ_0001582		hsa-miR-194-5p
	hg38_circ_0017427		hsa-miR-107
Viral infection	circRNAs	interacting with proteins	K63, RIG-I, IRF3, NF90/110	Innate immunity	(50, 51)
COVID-19	Ppp1r10	miRNA sponge	mmu-miR-124-3p, Ddx58, Gm26917	Antiviral mechanism by IFN-stimulated genes	(52)
	C330019G07RiK
Microbial infection	circRasGEF1B	maintaining the stability of the mature mRNA	ICAM-1, LPS, NF-κB	LPS pathway, NF-κB pathway, cell cycle, macrophage polarization	(53)
Chlamydia infection	hsa_circ_001226	miRNA sponge	——	Endocytosis, MAPK and PI3P-Akt signaling pathway	(54)
	hsa_circ_007046
	hsa_circ_400027