Table 3.

Smartphone usage and the loneliness among the migrant elderly following children in Jinan, China

Variables	N (%)	Mean score of ULS-8 (SD)	F value	P value
Total	656 (100)	12.82 (4.05)
Communication by WeChat
Never	418 (63.7)	13.02 (4.16)	5.098	0.002
Seldom	45 (6.9)	13.33 (4.27)
Usually	108 (16.5)	13.07 (3.70)
Everyday	85 (13.0)	11.25 (3.52)
Payment by WeChat/Alipay
Never	490 (74.7)	12.89 (4.12)	4.358	0.005
Seldom	35 (5.3)	13.74 (4.35)
Usually	35 (5.3)	14.11 (4.19)
Everyday	96 (14.6)	11.70 (3.23)

SD, Standard deviation; ULS-8, eight-item version of University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale.