Table 5.

The coefficient between the social support, smartphone usage and loneliness by using SEM

Model pathways	Estimated effect	95% CI
		Lower bounds	Upper bounds
Total effect
Social support→loneliness	−0.165	−0.257	−0.070
Direct effect
Social support→loneliness	−0.151	−0.244	−0.053
Smartphone usage→loneliness	−0.094	−0.180	−0.003
Social support→smartphone usage	0.147	0.052	0.246
Indirect effect
Social support→smartphone usage→loneliness	−0.014	−0.036	−0.001

CI, Confidence interval.