Figure 2.

Nanodrug-based approaches for effector T cell reprogramming. Reprogramming of exhausted effector T cells and regulatory T cells via nanodrugs can be distinguished into two major categories: (1) Nanoparticles that specifically inhibit immunoregulatory molecules on effector T cells or regulatory T cells, thereby enhancing effector T cell activity. (2) Nanoparticles targeting immunosuppressive mechanisms characteristic of the tumor microenvironment that favor the accumulation of immunosuppressive cell types and an alleviate an effective anti-tumor immune response.