Table 1.

Summary of climate change impacts on pollen

Shift of vegetation zones

Changes in onset and duration of the pollen season

Increase of airborne pollen concentration

Immigration and spread of neophytes (e.g., Ambrosia artemisiifolia)

Increase of pollen allergenicity: changes in allergenic proteins and adjuvant substances in pollen (e.g. pollen-associated lipid mediators (PALMs), lipopolysaccharide (LPS))

Thunderstorm asthma: increased exposure to small allergen fragments during thunderstorms

→ Effect on time span and severity of symptoms in patients with allergies