Table 4.
Complications and outcomes by glycemic control (HbA1c ≤8% vs. >8%) during pregnancy as extracted from obstetric chart
| During pregnancy loss of glycemic control | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HbA1c ≤8%# | HbA1c >8%# | P value | |||
| N | % | N | % | ||
| Maternal | 121 | 59 | |||
| Hospitalization | 37 | 30.6 | 27 | 45.8 | 0.0458 |
| Preeclampsia | 17 | 14.1 | 19 | 32.2 | 0.0043 |
| Gestational hypertension | 20 | 23.3 | 11 | 33.3 | 0.2622 |
| Microalbuminuria (30 mg/g ≤ UACR < 300 mg/g)* | 6 | 6.12 | 4 | 12.9 | 0.2512*** |
| Macroalbuminuria/proteinuria (UACR ≥300 mg/g)* | 8 | 6.84 | 4 | 8.51 | 0.7441*** |
| Other complications | 8 | 6.61 | 3 | 5.08 | 1.0000*** |
| Neonatal | 117 | 59 | |||
| SGA (<10th percentile)** | 8 | 6.9 | 5 | 8.8 | 0.7606*** |
| LGA (>90th percentile)** | 29 | 25.0 | 19 | 33.3 | 0.2499 |
| Hypoglycemia | 28 | 23.9 | 24 | 42.1 | 0.0140 |
| Respiratory distress requiring surfactant or ventilation | 16 | 13.7 | 16 | 28.1 | 0.0214 |
| Hypocalcemia | 3 | 2.6 | 4 | 7.1 | 0.2167*** |
| Shoulder dystocia | 2 | 1.7 | 3 | 5.3 | 0.3329*** |
| Caudal regression | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | – |
| Cardiac anomaly | 6 | 5.2 | 11 | 19.3 | 0.0033 |
| Other congenital anomalies | 10 | 8.6 | 7 | 12.7 | 0.4019 |
UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
*
Excludes participants with existing diagnosis.
**
Based upon the criteria of Alexander et al. (18).
***
P value from Fisher exact test.
#
Equivalent to HbA1c of 64 mmol/mol.