Table 2.
Participant characteristics at follow-up fundus exam (2017–2018) by status of 3-step progression of retinopathy (N = 367)
| <3 steps progression* | ≥3 steps progression* | P † | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 274 | 93 | |
| Female sex | 183 (66.7) | 53 (56.9) | 0.10 |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.17 | ||
| Hispanic | 107 (39.1) | 39 (41.9) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 89 (32.5) | 37 (39.8) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 60 (21.9) | 11 (11.8) | |
| Other | 18 (6.5) | 6 (6.5) | |
| Age (years) | |||
| At baseline | 13.7 ± 2.0 | 13.9 ± 2.1 | 0.31 |
| At exam | 25.3 ± 2.4 | 25.7 ± 2.6 | 0.18 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 11.9 ± 1.5 | 12.1 ± 1.5 | 0.25 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 36.8 ± 8 | 34.6 ± 6.7 | 0.01 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.7 ± 1.9 | 10.3 ± 1.4 | <0.0001 |
| Blood pressure | |||
| Systolic (mmHg) | 116.5 ± 8.6 | 119.5 ± 9.9 | 0.01 |
| Diastolic (mmHg) | 70.4 ± 6.6 | 74.6 ± 7.4 | <0.0001 |
| Cholesterol | |||
| HDL (mg/dL) | 42.5 ± 9.3 | 42 ± 9.2 | 0.60 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 94.6 ± 24.1 | 94.4 ± 21.4 | 0.93 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL)§ | 102.2 [38.3, 771.6] | 128.5 [41.3, 1,211.2] | 0.001 |
| Fasting C-peptide (ng/mL)§ | 3 [0.5, 11.0] | 2.5 [0.5, 6.8] | 0.0004 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL)§ | 129.7 [79.3, 286.7] | 189.8 [87.2, 340.2] | <0.0001 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension | 154 (56.2) | 70 (75.3) | 0.001 |
| ACR ≥30 mg/g | 103 (37.6) | 63 (67.7) | <0.0001 |
| ACR ≥300 mg/g | 21 (7.7) | 27 (29.0) | <0.0001 |
| Medications | |||
| History of any hypertensive medication | 151 (55.1) | 65 (69.9) | 0.01 |
| History of any lipid-lowering medication | 84 (30.7) | 34 (36.5) | 0.30 |
| Ever smoked | 39 (14.2) | 9 (9.7) | 0.72 |
Data are mean ± SD, median [IQR], or n (%) unless otherwise indicated. BP, blood pressure.
†
P values from Fisher exact test for categorical variables and Student t test for continuous variables.
§
Log-transformed for testing.
*
Based on original ETDRS scale on patient level (18 steps).