Table 3.
Predictors of ≥3 steps progression of retinopathy based on logistic regression models (N = 367)
| Predictor | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | P | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P | |
| Sex (male vs. female) | 1.52 (0.94, 2.46) | 0.09 | ||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic Black vs. Hispanic | 1.14 (0.67, 1.94) | 0.63 | ||
| Non-Hispanic White vs. Hispanic | 0.50 (0.24, 1.05) | 0.069 | ||
| Age (years) | ||||
| At baseline | 1.06 (0.95, 1.20) | 0.30 | ||
| At exam | 1.07 (0.97, 1.18) | 0.17 | 1.10 (0.96, 1.25) | 0.17 |
| Diabetes duration (per year) | 1.10 (0.94,1.29) | 0.24 | ||
| BMI (per 5 kg/m2 increase)* | 0.82 (0.69, 0.97) | 0.02 | 0.83 (0.64, 1.07) | 0.15 |
| HbA1c (per %)* | 2.30 (1.90, 2.78) | <0.0001 | 1.93 (1.49, 2.50) | <0.0001 |
| Blood pressure | ||||
| Diastolic (per 10 mmHg increase)* | 2.31 (1.63, 3.27) | <0.0001 | 1.62 (0.78, 3.38) | 0.20 |
| Systolic (per 10 mmHg increase)* | 1.44 (1.11, 1.87) | 0.006 | 0.94 (0.52, 1.73) | 0.85 |
| Cholesterol | ||||
| Mean HDL (per 10 mg/dL increase)* | 0.93 (0.72, 1.21) | 0.60 | ||
| Mean LDL (per 10 mg/dL increase)* | 1.00 (0.90, 1.10) | 0.93 | ||
| Mean triglycerides (per 10 mg/dL increase)* | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 0.0006 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.04) | 0.20 |
| Fasting C-peptide (ng/mL) * | 0.69 (0.56, 0.85) | 0.0004 | 0.92 (0.68, 1.25) | 0.60 |
| Fasting glucose (per 10 mg/dL increase) * | 1.28 (1.21, 1.37) | <0.0001 | 1.06 (0.97, 1.15) | 0.20 |
| Comorbidities (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 1.89 (1.14, 3.13) | 0.01 | ||
| ACR ≥30 mg/g | 3.49 (2.12, 5.74) | <0.0001 | 1.09 (0.52, 2.30) | 0.82 |
| ACR ≥300 mg/g | 4.93 (2.62, 9.27) | <0.0001 | 2.00 (0.80, 4.97) | 0.14 |
| Medications (%) | ||||
| History of any hypertensive medication | 2.37 (1.40, 4.02) | 0.001 | 0.75 (0.35, 1.64) | 0.48 |
| History of any lipid-lowering medication | 1.30 (0.80, 2.14) | 0.29 | ||
| Smoking (ever vs. never)* | 0.90 (1.08, 1.85) | 0.66 | ||
*
Based on cumulative exposure until follow-up Fundus exam.