Table 1.
Demographic and clinical features of patients.
| Variable | Total;N = 59 | Timeline | P value∗ | COVID-19 | P value∗ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-COVID-19 period; n = 18 | COVID-19period;n = 41 | Notinfected;n = 22 | Infected;n = 37 | |||||
| Age | 49.33 ± 20.52 | 39.86 ± 25.69 | 53.49 ± 16.50 | 0.050 | 37.11 ± 24.57 | 56.59 ± 13.45 | 0.002 | |
|
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| Gender | Male | 37 (62.7) | 10 (55.6) | 27 (65.9) | 0.451 | 11 (50.0) | 26 (70.3) | 0.166 |
| Female | 22 (37.3) | 8 (44.4) | 14 (34.1) | 11 (50.0) | 11 (29.7) | |||
|
| ||||||||
| Comorbid disease | Diabetes mellitus | 38 (64.4) | 9 (50.0) | 29 (70.7) | 0.149 | 10 (45.5) | 28 (75.7) | 0.026 |
| Hypertension | 31 (52.5) | 7 (38.9) | 24 (58.5) | 0.257 | 8 (36.4) | 2 (62.2) | 0.065 | |
| Cardiovascular | 11 (18.6) | 3 (16.7) | 8 (19.5) | 1.000 | 2 (9.1) | 9 (24.3) | 0.184 | |
| Cerebrovascular Dx | 10 (16.9) | 3 (16.7) | 7 (17.1) | 1.000 | 2 (9.1) | 8 (21.6) | 0.294 | |
| Malignancy | 9 (15.3) | 4 (22.2) | 5 (12.2) | 0.434 | 4 (18.2) | 5 (13.5) | 0.715 | |
| Chronic kidney Dx | 8 (13.6) | 2 (11.1) | 6 (14.6) | 1.000 | 1 (4.5) | 7 (18.9) | 0.237 | |
| Hypothyroidism | 5 (8.5) | 2 (11.1) | 3 (7.3) | 0.636 | 3 (13.6) | 2 (5.4) | 0.351 | |
| Transplantation | 5 (8.5) | 1 (5.6) | 4 (9.8) | 1.000 | 2 (9.1) | 3 (8.1) | 1.000 | |
| PTE or DVT | 3 (5.1) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (7.3) | 0.546 | 0 (0) | 3 (8.1) | 0.286 | |
| Asthma | 3 (5.1) | 2 (11.1) | 1 (2.4) | 0.218 | 2 (9.1) | 1 (2.7) | 0.549 | |
| Chronic liver Dx | 2 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.9) | 1.000 | 1 (4.5) | 1 (2.7) | 1.000 | |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary Dx | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.4) | 1.000 | 1 (4.5) | 0 (0) | 0.373 | |
| HIV | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | |
| None | 4 (6.8) | 3 (16.7) | 1 (2.4) | 0.080 | 3 (13.6) | 1 (2.7) | 0.141 | |
|
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| Social history | Smoker | 8 (13.6) | 1 (5.6) | 7 (17.1) | 0.414 | 3 (13.6) | 5 (13.5) | 1.000 |
| Opium | 2 (3.4) | 1 (5.6) | 2 (2.4) | 0.521 | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.4) | 0.524 | |
| Waterpipe | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.4) | 1.000 | 1 (4.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.373 | |
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| Corticosteroid use | Yes | 31 (53.4) | 6 (33.3) | 25 (62.5) | 0.039 | 6 (27.3) | 25 (69.4) | 0.002 |
| COVID-19 related | 19 (63.3) | 0 (0) | 19 (79.2) | 0.001 | 0 (0) | 19 (79.2) | 0.001 | |
| Non-COVID-19 related | 11 (36.7) | 6 (100) | 5 (20.8) | 6 (100) | 5 (20.8) | |||
|
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| Physical exam, sign, and symptom | Periorbital edema | 33 (56.9) | 9 (52.9) | 24 (58.5) | 0.695 | 9 (40.9) | 24 (66.7) | 0.063 |
| Necrotic tissue | 28 (48.3) | 3 (17.6) | 25 (61.0) | 0.003 | 6 (27.3) | 22 (61.1) | 0.016 | |
| Impaired vision or blindness | 26 (44.8) | 8 (47.1) | 18 (43.9) | 1.000 | 9 (40.9) | 17 (47.2) | 0.787 | |
| Headache | 23 (39.7) | 3 (17.6) | 20 (48.8) | 0.039 | 6 (27.3) | 17 (47.2) | 0.171 | |
| Frozen eye or loss of motion | 10 (17.2) | 2 (11.8) | 8 (19.5) | 0.707 | 2 (9.1) | 8 (22.2) | 0.290 | |
| Facial edema | 9 (15.5) | 4 (23.5) | 5 (12.2) | 0.426 | 3 (13.6) | 6 (16.7) | 1.000 | |
| Facial pain | 9 (15.5) | 1 (5.9) | 8 (19.5) | 0.258 | 2 (9.1) | 7 (19.4) | 0.459 | |
| Eye pain | 8 (13.8) | 1 (5.9) | 7 (17.1) | 0.415 | 3 (13.6) | 5 (13.9) | 1.000 | |
| Ptosis | 8 (13.8) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (19.5) | 0.090 | 1 (4.5) | 7 (19.4) | 0.139 | |
| Eye proptosis | 6 (10.3) | 1 (5.9) | 5 (12.2) | 0.660 | 1 (4.5) | 5 (13.9) | 0.392 | |
| Nasal discharge | 5 (8.6) | 3 (17.6) | 2 (4.9) | 0.144 | 3 (13.6) | 2 (5.6) | 0.357 | |
| Blurred vision | 4 (6.9) | 2 (11.8) | 2 (4.9) | 0.573 | 2 (9.1) | 2 (5.6) | 0.630 | |
| Ophthalmic ecchymosis | 3 (5.2) | 2 (11.8) | 1 (2.4) | 0.203 | 2 (9.1) | 1 (2.8) | 0.551 | |
| Diplopia | 2 (3.4) | 1 (5.9) | 1 (2.4) | 0.504 | 1 (4.5) | 1 (2.8) | 1.000 | |
| Facial redness or discoloration | 2 (3.4) | 2 (11.8) | 0 (0) | 0.082 | 2 (9.1) | 0 (0) | 0.140 | |
| Fever | 2 (3.4) | 2 (11.8) | 0 (0) | 0.082 | 2 (9.1) | 0 (0) | 0.140 | |
|
| ||||||||
| Duration of symptoms | 12 [5–20.5] | 10 [4.25–27.5] | 14 [5–20.5] | 0.638 | 12 [5–20] | 10 [4.75–30] | 0.852 | |
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| Symptom duration group | One week | 14 (34.1) | 7 (43.8) | 12 (36.4) | 0.650 | 7 (38.9) | 12 (38.7) | 1.000 |
| One week till one month | 20 (48.8) | 6 (37.5) | 17 (51.5) | 9 (50.0) | 14 (45.2) | |||
| Above one month | 7 (17.1) | 3 (18.8) | 4 (12.1) | 2 (11.1) | 5 (16.1) | |||
∗ Chi-square test or independent sample t-test/Mann-Whitney U test COVID-19: coronavirus disease of 2019; DVT: deep venous thrombosis; Dx: disease; PTE: pulmonary thromboendarterectomy.