Table 2.
Hospitalization characteristics of patients with mucormycosis.
| Variable | Total; N = 59 | Timeline | P value∗ | COVID-19 | P value∗ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-COVID-19 period; n = 18 | COVID-19 period; n = 41 | Not infected; n = 22 | Infected; n = 37 | ||||
| Hospitalization duration | 1.12 ± 0.42 | 1.16 ± 0.51 | 1.10 ± 0.38 | 0.582 | 1.14 ± 0.47 | 1.11 ± 0.40 | 0.827 |
| SPO2 on admission | 96.07 ± 3.84 | 95.76 ± 5.61 | 96.20 ± 2.89 | 0.701 | 96.59 ± 5.05 | 95.75 ± 2.90 | 0.423 |
| Temperature on admission | 36.60 ± 0.37 | 36.77 ± 0.46 | 36.52 ± 0.29 | 0.047 | 36.67 ± 0.38 | 36.56 ± 0.36 | 0.243 |
| Blood pressure on admission | |||||||
| Systolic | 125.52 ± 16.21 | 121.88 ± 13.84 | 126.98 ± 17.01 | 0.292 | 123.16 ± 13.92 | 126.73 ± 17.32 | 0.440 |
| Diastolic | 76.54 ± 13.05 | 72.75 ± 17.89 | 78.05 ± 10.43 | 0.172 | 75.32 ± 10.87 | 77.16 ± 14.14 | 0.621 |
| Respiratory rate on admission | 18.86 ± 2.56 | 18.59 ± 3.00 | 18.98 ± 2.39 | 0.605 | 19.33 ± 2.71 | 8.59 ± 2.48 | 10.296 |
| Heart rate on admission | 87.86 ± 15.24 | 93.94 ± 19.18 | 85.20 ± 12.50 | 0.041 | 90.23 ± 18.29 | 86.46 ± 13.17 | 0.363 |
| Mucormycosis on admission | |||||||
| Yes | 42 (71.2) | 13 (72.2) | 29 (70.7) | 1.000 | 12 (54.5) | 30 (81.1) | 0.040 |
| No | 17 (28.8) | 5 (27.8) | 12 (29.3) | 10 (45.5) | 7 (18.9) | ||
| Mucormycosis diagnosis duration from admission | 8.38 ± 6.02 | 7 ± 6.08 | 6.75 ± 4.65 | 0.738 | 7 ± 6.08 | 8.5 ± 6.09 | 0.738 |
| Lung CT finding | |||||||
| Ground glass opacities | 24 (61.5) | 0 (0) | 24 (61.5) | <0.001 | 2 (22.2) | 22 (73.3) | 0.015 |
| Interlobular septal thickening | 9 (23.1) | 1 (12.5) | 8 (25.8) | 0.653 | 0 (0) | 9 (30.0) | 0.085 |
| Cardiomegaly | 2 (5.1) | 0 (0) | 2 (6.5) | 1.000 | 0 (0) | 2 (6.7) | 1.000 |
| PNS CT | |||||||
| Total performed | 29 (49.2) | 13 (72.2) | 16 (39.0) | 0.025 | 10 (45.5) | 19 (51.4) | 0.789 |
| Mucormycosis or fungal infection | 8 (27.6) | 3 (23.1) | 5 (31.3) | 0.697 | 2 (20.0) | 6 (31.6) | 0.675 |
| Mucosal thickening | 15 (51.7) | 4 (30.8) | 11 (68.8) | 0.066 | 3 (30.0) | 12 (63.2) | 0.128 |
| Sinusitis | 14 (48.3) | 7 (53.8) | 7 (43.8) | 0.715 | 6 (60.0) | 8 (42.1) | 0.450 |
| Bone erosion or destruction | 6 (20.7) | 3 (23.1) | 3 (18.8) | 1.000 | 1 (10.0) | 5 (26.3) | 0.633 |
| Soft tissue mass | 5 (17.2) | 1 (7.7) | 4 (25.0) | 0.343 | 3 (30.0) | 2 (10.5) | 0.306 |
| Soft tissue swelling | 3 (10.3) | 1 (7.7) | 2 (12.5) | 1.000 | 0 (0) | 3 (15.8) | 0.532 |
| Orbital CT | |||||||
| Total performed | 8 (13.6) | 0 (0) | 8 (19.5) | 0.092 | 2 (9.1) | 6 (16.2) | 0.697 |
| or fungal infection | 3 (37.5) | 0 (0) | 3 (100) | — | 0 (0) | 3 (50.0) | 0.464 |
| Sinusitis | 4 (50.0) | 0 (0) | 4 (100) | — | 2 (100) | 2 (33.3) | 0.429 |
| Cellulitis | 2 (25.0) | 0 (0) | 2 (100) | — | 0 (0) | 2 (33.3) | 1.000 |
| Proptosis | 1 (12.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (100) | — | 0 (100) | 1 (16.7) | 1.000 |
| PNS and orbital MRI | |||||||
| Total performed | 1 (1.7) | 1 (5.6) | 0 (0) | 0.305 | 1 (4.5) | 0 (0) | — |
| Sinusitis | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 0 (0) | — | 1 (4.5) | 0 (0) | — |
| Scalp enhancement | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 0 (0) | — | 1 (4.5) | 0 (0) | — |
| Globe protrusion | 1 (12.5) | 1 (100) | 0 (0) | — | 1 (100) | 0 (0) | 1.000 |
| Laboratory data | |||||||
| White blood cell count | 11.70 ± 5.77 | 11.82 ± 6.25 | 11.56 ± 5.44 | 0.908 | 11.80 ± 5.94 | 11.59 ± 5.80 | 0.923 |
| Lymphocyte count | 24.91 ± 20.25 | 2.40 ± 1.93 | 1.76 ± 1.19 | 0.397 | 2.21 ± 2.14 | 2.11 ± 1.31 | 0.910 |
| Neutrophil count | 70.55 ± 19.12 | 7.34 ± 3.39 | 7.93 ± 4.98 | 0.802 | 7.74 ± 5.18 | 7.42 ± 2.93 | 0.894 |
| Hemoglobulin count | 10.94 ± 2.37 | 10.73 ± 2.65 | 11.06 ± 2.24 | 0.659 | 10.56 ± 2.49 | 11.26 ± 2.28 | 0.330 |
| Platelet count | 281.76 ± 201.89 | 364.53 ± 285.15 | 225.31 ± 86.22 | 0.086 | 375.29 ± 258.53 | 202.25 ± 80.36 | 0.016 |
| RT-PCR | |||||||
| Positive | 33 (58.9) | 0 (0) | 33 (80.49) | <0.001 | 0 (0) | 33 (94.3) | <0.001 |
| Ventilation | |||||||
| Room air | 37 (64.9) | 11 (68.8) | 26 (63.4) | 0.239 | 17 (81.0) | 20 (55.6) | 0.113 |
| Noninvasive or nasal mask | 14 (24.6) | 2 (12.5) | 12 (29.3) | 2 (9.5) | 12 (33.3) | ||
| Invasive and intubation | 6 (10.5) | 3 (18.8) | 3 (7.3) | 2 (9.5) | 4 (11.1) | ||
| Chest tube insertion | 2 (3.8) | 0 (0) | 2 (5.1) | 1.000 | 0 (0) | 2 (5.7) | 0.543 |
| Operation | |||||||
| Bilateral FESS | 23 (39.0) | 4 (22.2) | 19 (46.3) | 0.104 | 6 (27.3) | 17 (45.9) | 0.131 |
| FESS + additional operation∗ | 19 (32.2) | 7 (38.9) | 12 (29.3) | 11 (50.0) | 8 (21.6) | ||
| Rt FESS | 12 (20.3) | 5 (27.8) | 7 (17.1) | 3 (13.6) | 9 (24.3) | ||
| Lt FESS | 3 (5.1) | 0 (0) | 3 (7.3) | 1 (4.5) | 2 (5.4) | ||
| Outcome | |||||||
| Discharge | 28 (49.1) | 8 (47.1) | 20 (50) | 0.433 | 12 (60.0) | 16 (43.2) | 0.124 |
| Expired | 21 (36.8) | 8 (47.1) | 13 (32.5) | 4 (20.0) | 17 (45.9) | ||
| Relation of COVID-19 and mucormycosis | |||||||
| Not related to COVID-19 | 15 (25.4) | 9 (50) | 6 (14.6) | <0.001 | 15 (68.2) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| During COVID-19 | 12 (20.3) | 0 (0) | 12 (32.4) | 0 (0) | 12 (32.4) | ||
| Post-COVID-19 under 2 weeks | 15 (25.4) | 0 (0) | 15 (40.5) | 0 (0) | 15 (40.5) | ||
| Post-COVID-19 over 2 weeks | 7 (11.9) | 0 (0) | 7 (18.9) | 0 (0) | 7 (18.9) | ||
| Mucor onset before positive COVID-19 | 3 (5.1) | 0 (0) | 3 (8.1) | 0 (0) | 3 (8.1) | ||
∗ Additional operations such as maxillectomy, orbital exenteration, and frontal lobectomy.