Table 4:
Results of Unadjusted and Sequentially Adjusted Linear Mixed Models for Calorie or Carbohydrate Intake on Days with Clinical or Clinically Serious Hypoglycemia Compared to Days with No Hypoglycemia, in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes (N=122 participants; N=274 days)
| Total Calories | Carbohydrates (grams) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical Hypoglycemia† | Clinically Serious Hypoglycemia‡ | Overall p-value§ | Clinical Hypoglycemia† | Clinically Serious Hypoglycemia‡ | Overall p-value§ | |
| Model 1 | 22.9 (−167.5, 213.4) | −58.1 (−277.8, 161.7) | 0.81 | 6.4 (−19.6, 32.3) | −5.8 (−36.0, 24.5) | 0.77 |
| Model 2 | 11.2 (−168.4, 190.7) | −66.9 (−277.9, 144.21) | 0.78 | 6.5 (−18.3, 31.2) | −7.8 (−36.3, 20.8) | 0.68 |
| Model 3 | 33.0 (−135.6, 201.56) | −89 (−285.4, 107.1) | 0.54 | 11.8 (−13.9, 37.5) | −10.0 (−38.9, 19.0) | 0.42 |
| Model 4 | 57.4 (−126.7, 241.5) | −74.0 (−285.9, 137.9) | 0.56 | 12.6 (−12.7, 38.0) | −7.8 (−36.8, 21.1) | 0.43 |
Diet recalls were obtained from N=122 participants contributing N=274 days on which concurrent 24-hour dietary recalls and continuous glucose monitoring data were available. Participants provided between 1–4 recalls.
Days with clinical hypoglycemia had at least one episode of hypoglycemia between <70 mg/dL and ≥54 mg/dL lasting ≥15 minutes. No episodes of clinically serious hypoglycemia occurred on these days. Glucose could have dropped below 54, but stayed there less than 15 minutes. The estimate was calculated using days with no hypoglycemia as the reference group.
Days with clinically serious hypoglycemia had at least one episode of hypoglycemia <54 mg/dL lasting ≥15 minutes. These days could also include episodes of clinical hypoglycemia. The estimate was calculated using days with no hypoglycemia as the reference group.
Overall p-values are for 3-group contrasts comparing calories or carbohydrates consumed on days with no hypoglycemia, days with clinical hypoglycemia, and days with clinically serious hypoglycemia.
Sequentially Adjusted Models:
Model 1: Unadjusted with repeated measures (Study ID, Site, and Recall [1–4])
Model 2: Random effect for Site; Group (Intervention and Control), Timepoint (baseline and follow-up)
Model 3: Demographic factors (age, sex, race/ethnicity). Nonwhite defined as all groups that did not identify as non-Hispanic white, including non-Hispanic Black, Black, Asian/Pacific Islander, Native American, other, or unknown.
Model 4: Clinical factors (Diabetes duration, Insulin Regimen, Insulin dose, HbA1c, Physical activity, Electronic media time)