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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jun 8.
Published in final edited form as: Mitochondrion. 2021 Nov 14;62:102–110. doi: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.11.003

Figure 1. Cumulative and time-varying associations between daily PM2.5 levels over gestation and placental mtDNA total (A) and nonsynonymous (B) mutational loads.

Figure 1.

This figure demonstrates the cumulative and time-varying associations between PM2.5 exposure over pregnancy and change in mtDNA mutational load: (A) total, and (B) nonsynonymous mutational load using BDLIM assuming day-specific effects. The y-axis represents the change in mtDNA mutational load corresponding to a μg/m3 increase in PM2.5; the x-axis is gestational age in days. Solid lines for time-varying associations show the predicted change in mtDNA mutational load. Gray areas indicate 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A sensitive window is identified for the days where the estimated pointwise 95% CI (shaded area) does not include zero. The models were adjusted for maternal age, education, race/ethnicity, child sex, and ambient temperature.