Table 1.
Maternal and child characteristics of the study population
| Characteristic | n, mean | %, SD |
|---|---|---|
| Maternal Racea | ||
| White | 74 | 26 |
| Hispanic | 67 | 24 |
| Black | 123 | 44 |
| Other | 16 | 6 |
| Mitochondrial Haplogroup | ||
| African (Haplogroup 1) | 121 | 43 |
| European (Haplogroup 3) | 90 | 32 |
| Native American/Asian (Haplogroup 2) | 72 | 25 |
| Maternal Educationa | ||
| High school degree or less | 89 | 32 |
| Mode of deliverya | ||
| C-Section | 71 | 25 |
| Vaginal Delivery | 211 | 75 |
| Smoking during pregnancy | 35 | 12 |
| Male child sex | 151 | 53 |
| Fenton Birthweight Z-score (mean, SD) | −0.19 | 0.81 |
| Maternal age (years) at birth (mean, SD) | 29.7 | 5.75 |
| Mean PM2.5 exposure by trimester (μg/m3) | ||
| PM2.5 (T1) | 9.08 | 1.92 |
| PM2.5 (T2) | 8.74 | 1.62 |
| PM2.5 (T3) | 8.61 | 1.90 |
a
Three participants missing maternal race, one missing mode of delivery, and five missing maternal education.