Table 4.
Baseline balance assessment on the Leonardo Mechanograph® for follow-up fallers and non-fallers, n = 238
| Non-Fallers | Fallers | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Test position | Variables | Quartile range | n | % | n | % | p-value* | |
| Romberg | PLen [in mm] | ≤ 134.81 | Q1 (best) | 50 | 26.3 | 10 | 20.8 | 0.364 |
| 134.82—168.14 | Q2 (good) | 46 | 24.2 | 13 | 27.1 | |||
| 168.15—212.81 | Q3 (fair) | 49 | 25.8 | 10 | 20.8 | |||
| ≥ 212.82 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 44 | 23.2 | 15 | 31.3 | |||
| PLenX [in mm] | ≤ 84.02 | Q1 (best) | 52 | 27.4 | 8 | 16.7 | 0.039 | |
| 84.03—108.87 | Q2 (good) | 48 | 25.3 | 11 | 22.9 | |||
| 108.29—139.72 | Q3 (fair) | 47 | 24.7 | 12 | 25.0 | |||
| ≥ 139.73 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 42 | 22.1 | 17 | 35.4 | |||
| PLenY [in mm] | ≤ 78.58 | Q1 (best) | 46 | 24.2 | 14 | 29.2 | 0.853 | |
| 78.59—101.10 | Q2 (good) | 49 | 25.8 | 10 | 20.8 | |||
| 101.11—130.33 | Q3 (fair) | 50 | 26.3 | 9 | 18.8 | |||
| ≥ 130.34 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 44 | 23.2 | 15 | 31.3 | |||
| StdElA [in cm2] | ≤ 1.07 | Q1 (best) | 46 | 24.2 | 14 | 29.2 | 0.637 | |
| 1.08—1.69 | Q2 (good) | 49 | 25.8 | 10 | 20.8 | |||
| 1.70—2.61 | Q3 (fair) | 52 | 27.4 | 7 | 14.6 | |||
| ≥ 2.62 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 42 | 22.1 | 17 | 35.4 | |||
| VmeanCoP [in cm/s] | ≤ 1.35 | Q1 (best) | 50 | 26.3 | 10 | 20.8 | 0.364 | |
| 1.36—1.68 | Q2 (good) | 46 | 24.2 | 13 | 27.1 | |||
| 1.69—2.13 | Q3 (fair) | 49 | 25.8 | 10 | 20.8 | |||
| ≥ 2.14 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 44 | 23.2 | 15 | 31.3 | |||
| VmeanX [in mm/s] | ≤ 8.40 | Q1 (best) | 52 | 27.4 | 8 | 16.7 | 0.039 | |
| 8.41—10.89 | Q2 (good) | 48 | 25.3 | 11 | 22.9 | |||
| 10.90—13.97 | Q3 (fair) | 47 | 24.7 | 12 | 25.0 | |||
| ≥ 13.98 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 42 | 22.1 | 17 | 35.4 | |||
| VmeanY [in mm/s] | ≤ 7.86 | Q1 (best) | 46 | 24.2 | 14 | 29.2 | 0.853 | |
| 7.87—10.11 | Q2 (good) | 49 | 25.8 | 10 | 20.8 | |||
| 10.12—13.03 | Q3 (fair) | 50 | 26.3 | 9 | 18.8 | |||
| ≥ 13.04 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 44 | 23.2 | 15 | 31.3 | |||
| Semitandem | PLen [in mm] | ≤ 161,93 | Q1 (best) | 54 | 28.4 | 6 | 12.5 | 0.039 |
| 161.94—213.16 | Q2 (good) | 46 | 24.2 | 13 | 27.1 | |||
| 213.17—270.09 | Q3 (fair) | 45 | 23.7 | 14 | 29.2 | |||
| ≥ 270.10 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 44 | 23.2 | 15 | 31.3 | |||
| PLenX [in mm] | ≤ 108.11 | Q1 (best) | 53 | 27.9 | 7 | 14.6 | 0.019 | |
| 108.12—141.45 | Q2 (good) | 50 | 26.3 | 9 | 18.8 | |||
| 141.46—184.19 | Q3 (fair) | 42 | 22.1 | 17 | 35.4 | |||
| ≥ 184.2 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 44 | 23.2 | 15 | 31.3 | |||
| PLenY [in mm] | ≤ 99.88 | Q1 (best) | 51 | 26.8 | 9 | 18.8 | 0.138 | |
| 99.89—123.97 | Q2 (good) | 46 | 24.2 | 13 | 27.1 | |||
| 123.98—175.59 | Q3 (fair) | 50 | 26.3 | 9 | 18.8 | |||
| ≥ 175.6 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 42 | 22.1 | 17 | 35.4 | |||
| StdElA [in cm2] | ≤ 1.31 | Q1 (best) | 51 | 26.8 | 8 | 16.7 | 0.029 | |
| 1.32—1.93 | Q2 (good) | 49 | 25.8 | 11 | 22.9 | |||
| 1.94—2.90 | Q3 (fair) | 48 | 25.3 | 11 | 22.9 | |||
| ≥ 2.91 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 41 | 21.6 | 18 | 37.5 | |||
| VmeanCoP [in cm/s] | ≤ 1.62 | Q1 (best) | 54 | 28.4 | 6 | 12.5 | 0.039 | |
| 1.63—2.13 | Q2 (good) | 46 | 24.2 | 13 | 27.1 | |||
| 2.14—2.70 | Q3 (fair) | 45 | 23.7 | 14 | 29.2 | |||
| ≥ 2.71 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 44 | 23.2 | 15 | 31.3 | |||
| VmeanX [in mm/s] | ≤ 10.81 | Q1 (best) | 52 | 27.4 | 7 | 14.6 | 0.020 | |
| 10.82—14.15 | Q2 (good) | 51 | 26.8 | 9 | 18.8 | |||
| 14.16—18.42 | Q3 (fair) | 42 | 22.1 | 17 | 35.4 | |||
| ≥ 18.43 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 44 | 23.2 | 15 | 31.3 | |||
| VmeanY [in mm/s] | ≤ 9.99 | Q1 (best) | 50 | 26.3 | 9 | 18.8 | 0.145 | |
| 10.00—12.40 | Q2 (good) | 47 | 24.7 | 13 | 27.1 | |||
| 12.41—17.56 | Q3 (fair) | 50 | 26.3 | 9 | 18.8 | |||
| ≥ 17.57 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 42 | 22.1 | 17 | 35.4 | |||
| Tandem | PLen [in mm] | ≤ 330.31 | Q1 (best) | 48 | 25.3 | 6 | 12.5 | 0.034 |
| 330.32—422.31 | Q2 (good) | 43 | 22.6 | 10 | 20.8 | |||
| 422.32—583.23 | Q3 (fair) | 42 | 22.1 | 12 | 25.0 | |||
| ≥ 583.24 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 56 | 29.5 | 20 | 41.7 | |||
| PLenX [in mm] | ≤ 227.95 | Q1 (best) | 47 | 24.7 | 7 | 14.6 | 0.095 | |
| 227.96—293.50 | Q2 (good) | 44 | 23.2 | 9 | 18.8 | |||
| 293.51—391.22 | Q3 (fair) | 40 | 21.1 | 14 | 29.2 | |||
| ≥ 391.23 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 58 | 30.5 | 18 | 37.5 | |||
| PLenY [in mm] | ≤ 187.51 | Q1 (best) | 46 | 24.2 | 8 | 16.7 | 0.015 | |
| 187.52—256.19 | Q2 (good) | 47 | 24.7 | 6 | 12.5 | |||
| 256.20—363.06 | Q3 (fair) | 42 | 22.1 | 12 | 25.0 | |||
| ≥ 363.07 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 54 | 28.4 | 22 | 45.8 | |||
| StdElA [in cm2] | ≤ 1.95 | Q1 (best) | 46 | 24.2 | 8 | 16.7 | 0.252 | |
| 1.96—3.13 | Q2 (good) | 42 | 22.1 | 11 | 22.9 | |||
| 3.14—4.73 | Q3 (fair) | 43 | 22.6 | 11 | 22.9 | |||
| ≥ 4.74 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 58 | 30.5 | 18 | 37.5 | |||
| VmeanCoP [in cm/s] | ≤ 3.30 | Q1 (best) | 48 | 25.3 | 6 | 12.5 | 0.034 | |
| 3.31—4.22 | Q2 (good) | 43 | 22.6 | 10 | 20.8 | |||
| 4.23—5.83 | Q3 (fair) | 42 | 22.1 | 12 | 25.0 | |||
| ≥ 5.84 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 56 | 29.5 | 20 | 41.7 | |||
| VmeanX [in mm/s] | ≤ 22.80 | Q1 (best) | 47 | 24.7 | 7 | 14.6 | 0.095 | |
| 22.81—29.35 | Q2 (good) | 44 | 23.2 | 9 | 18.8 | |||
| 29.36—39.12 | Q3 (fair) | 40 | 21.1 | 14 | 29.2 | |||
| ≥ 39.13 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 58 | 30.5 | 18 | 37.5 | |||
| VmeanY [in mm/s] | ≤ 18.75 | Q1 (best) | 46 | 24.2 | 8 | 16.7 | 0.015 | |
| 18.76—25.62 | Q2 (good) | 47 | 24.7 | 6 | 12.5 | |||
| 25.63—36.31 | Q3 (fair) | 42 | 22.1 | 12 | 25.0 | |||
| ≥ 36.32 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 54 | 28.4 | 22 | 45.8 | |||
| One leg left | PLen [in mm] | ≤ 358.95 | Q1 (best) | 37 | 19.5 | 10 | 20.8 | 0.127 |
| 358.96—513.28 | Q2 (good) | 43 | 22.6 | 3 | 6.3 | |||
| 513.29—649.39 | Q3 (fair) | 36 | 18.9 | 10 | 20.8 | |||
| ≥ 649.4 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 73 | 38.4 | 25 | 52.1 | |||
| PLenX [in mm] | ≤ 254.59 | Q1 (best) | 38 | 20.0 | 9 | 18.8 | 0.088 | |
| 254.60—371.00 | Q2 (good) | 41 | 21.6 | 5 | 10.4 | |||
| 371.01—465.43 | Q3 (fair) | 38 | 20.0 | 8 | 16.7 | |||
| ≥ 465.44 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 72 | 37.9 | 26 | 54.2 | |||
| PLenY [in mm] | ≤ 205.57 | Q1 (best) | 37 | 19.5 | 10 | 20.8 | 0.139 | |
| 205.58—279.09 | Q2 (good) | 41 | 21.6 | 5 | 10.4 | |||
| 279.10—365.03 | Q3 (fair) | 39 | 20.5 | 7 | 14.6 | |||
| ≥ 365.04 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 72 | 37.9 | 26 | 54.2 | |||
| StdElA [in cm2] | ≤ 2.65 | Q1 (best) | 39 | 20.5 | 8 | 16.7 | 0.216 | |
| 2.66—3.84 | Q2 (good) | 38 | 20.0 | 8 | 16.7 | |||
| 3.85—5.69 | Q3 (fair) | 38 | 20.0 | 8 | 16.7 | |||
| ≥ 5.7 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 74 | 38.9 | 24 | 50.0 | |||
| VmeanCoP [in cm/s] | ≤ 3.59 | Q1 (best) | 37 | 19.5 | 10 | 20.8 | 0.127 | |
| 3.60—5.13 | Q2 (good) | 43 | 22.6 | 3 | 6.3 | |||
| 5.14—6.49 | Q3 (fair) | 36 | 18.9 | 10 | 20.8 | |||
| ≥ 6.5 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 73 | 38.4 | 25 | 52.1 | |||
| VmeanX [in mm/s] | ≤ 25.46 | Q1 (best) | 38 | 20.0 | 9 | 18.8 | 0.088 | |
| 25.47—37.10 | Q2 (good) | 41 | 21.6 | 5 | 10.4 | |||
| 37.11—46.54 | Q3 (fair) | 38 | 20.0 | 8 | 16.7 | |||
| ≥ 46.55 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 72 | 37.9 | 26 | 54.2 | |||
| VmeanY [in mm/s] | ≤ 20.56 | Q1 (best) | 37 | 19.5 | 10 | 20.8 | 0.139 | |
| 20.57—27.91 | Q2 (good) | 41 | 21.6 | 5 | 10.4 | |||
| 27.92—36.50 | Q3 (fair) | 39 | 20.5 | 7 | 14.6 | |||
| ≥ 36.51 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 72 | 37.9 | 26 | 54.2 | |||
| One leg right | PLen [in mm] | ≤ 379.57 | Q1 (best) | 35 | 18.4 | 6 | 12.5 | 0.142 |
| 379.58—489.95 | Q2 (good) | 33 | 17.4 | 8 | 16.7 | |||
| 489.96—651.19 | Q3 (fair) | 35 | 18.4 | 6 | 12.5 | |||
| ≥ 651.2 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 86 | 45.3 | 28 | 58.3 | |||
| PLenX [in mm] | ≤ 264.69 | Q1 (best) | 36 | 18.9 | 5 | 10.4 | 0.094 | |
| 264.70—358.00 | Q2 (good) | 33 | 17.4 | 8 | 16.7 | |||
| 358.01—466.27 | Q3 (fair) | 34 | 17.9 | 7 | 14.6 | |||
| ≥ 466.28 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 86 | 45.3 | 28 | 58.3 | |||
| PLenY [in mm] | ≤ 214.87 | Q1 (best) | 33 | 17.4 | 8 | 16.7 | 0.336 | |
| 214.88—268.04 | Q2 (good) | 34 | 17.9 | 7 | 14.6 | |||
| 268.05—371.17 | Q3 (fair) | 35 | 18.4 | 6 | 12.5 | |||
| ≥ 371.18 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 87 | 45.8 | 27 | 56.3 | |||
| StdElA [in cm2] | ≤ 2.59 | Q1 (best) | 32 | 16.8 | 9 | 18.8 | 0.145 | |
| 2.60—3.79 | Q2 (good) | 37 | 19.5 | 4 | 8.3 | |||
| 3.80—6.19 | Q3 (fair) | 35 | 18.4 | 6 | 12.5 | |||
| ≥ 6.2 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 85 | 44.7 | 29 | 60.4 | |||
| VmeanCoP [in cm/s] | ≤ 3.80 | Q1 (best) | 35 | 18.4 | 6 | 12.5 | 0.142 | |
| 3.81—4.90 | Q2 (good) | 33 | 17.4 | 8 | 16.7 | |||
| 4.91—6.51 | Q3 (fair) | 35 | 18.4 | 6 | 12.5 | |||
| ≥ 6.52 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 86 | 45.3 | 28 | 58.3 | |||
| VmeanX [in mm/s] | ≤ 26.47 | Q1 (best) | 36 | 18.9 | 5 | 10.4 | 0.094 | |
| 26.48—35.80 | Q2 (good) | 33 | 17.4 | 8 | 16.7 | |||
| 35.81—46.63 | Q3 (fair) | 34 | 17.9 | 7 | 14.6 | |||
| ≥ 46.64 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 86 | 45.3 | 28 | 58.3 | |||
| VmeanY [in mm/s] | ≤ 21.49 | Q1 (best) | 33 | 17.4 | 8 | 16.7 | 0.336 | |
| 21.50—26.80 | Q2 (good) | 34 | 17.9 | 7 | 14.6 | |||
| 26.81—37.12 | Q3 (fair) | 35 | 18.4 | 6 | 12.5 | |||
| ≥ 37.13 | Q4 (poor, failed) | 87 | 45.8 | 27 | 56.3 | |||
*p-values of Mann–Whitney-U-Test: bold values sign. p-value with p < 0.05