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. 2022 Jun 7;23:549. doi: 10.1186/s12891-022-05489-1

Table 6.

Unadjusted and adjusted associations between balance sway parameters and fall risk

Unadjusted Adjusted for age and sexa
Test position Predictors Quartiles OR 95% CI p-value AUC 95% CI p-value OR 95% CI p-value AUC 95% CI p-value
Romberg PLen Q1 (best) Reference 0.54 0.45 0.63 0.379 Reference 0.62 0.54 0.71 0.009
Q2 (good) 1.41 0.57 3.53 0.766 1.21 0.47 3.11 0.699
Q3 (fair) 1.02 0.39 2.67 0.660 0.89 0.32 2.45 0.822
Q4 (poor, failed) 1.70 0.69 4.18 0.915 1.15 0.42 3.15 0.792
PLenX Q1 (best) Reference 0.59 0.50 0.68 0.046 Reference 0.64 0.56 0.73 0.002
Q2 (good) 1.49 0.55 4.02 0.431 1.31 0.48 3.60 0.599
Q3 (fair) 1.66 0.62 4.41 0.310 1.56 0.57 4.27 0.384
Q4 (poor, failed) 2.63 1.03 6.69 0.042 2.12 0.78 5.72 0.139
PLenY Q1 (best) Reference 0.51 0.41 0.61 0.858 Reference 0.63 0.54 0.72 0.005
Q2 (good) 0.67 0.27 1.66 0.387 0.63 0.25 1.60 0.332
Q3 (fair) 0.59 0.23 1.50 0.267 0.48 0.18 1.31 0.150
Q4 (poor, failed) 1.12 0.48 2.59 0.791 0.74 0.29 1.89 0.533
StdElA Q1 (best) Reference 0.52 0.42 0.62 0.647 Reference 0.67 0.59 0.75 0.000
Q2 (good) 0.67 0.27 1.66 0.387 0.57 0.22 1.44 0.228
Q3 (fair) 0.44 0.16 1.19 0.106 0.34 0.12 0.97 0.042
Q4 (poor, failed) 1.33 0.58 3.03 0.496 0.97 0.40 2.36 0.943
VmeanCoP Q1 (best) Reference 0.54 0.45 0.63 0.379 Reference 0.62 0.54 0.71 0.009
Q2 (good) 1.41 0.57 3.53 0.460 1.21 0.47 3.11 0.699
Q3 (fair) 1.02 0.39 2.67 0.967 0.89 0.32 2.45 0.822
Q4 (poor, failed) 1.70 0.70 4.18 0.244 1.15 0.42 3.15 0.792
VmeanX Q1 (best) Reference 0.59 0.50 0.68 0.046 Reference 0.64 0.56 0.73 0.002
Q2 (good) 1.49 0.55 4.02 0.431 1.31 0.48 3.60 0.599
Q3 (fair) 1.66 0.62 4.41 0.310 1.56 0.57 4.27 0.384
Q4 (poor, failed) 2.63 1.03 6.69 0.042 2.12 0.78 5.72 0.139
VmeanY Q1 (best) Reference 0.51 0.41 0.61 0.858 Reference 0.63 0.54 0.72 0.005
Q2 (good) 0.67 0.27 1.66 0.387 0.63 0.25 1.60 0.332
Q3 (fair) 0.59 0.23 1.50 0.267 0.48 0.18 1.31 0.150
Q4 (poor, failed) 1.12 0.48 2.59 0.791 0.74 0.29 1.89 0.533
Semitandem PLen Q1 (best) Reference 0.59 0.51 0.68 0.046 Reference 0.65 0.56 0.73 0.002
Q2 (good) 2.54 0.90 7.23 0.080 2.11 0.71 6.32 0.182
Q3 (fair) 2.80 0.99 7.88 0.051 2.21 0.73 6.70 0.161
Q4 (poor, failed) 3.07 1.10 8.57 0.032 2.11 0.61 7.34 0.240
PLenX Q1 (best) Reference 0.61 0.52 0.69 0.023 Reference 0.66 0.57 0.74 0.001
Q2 (good) 1.36 0.47 3.94 0.567 1.11 0.37 3.31 0.856
Q3 (fair) 3.06 1.16 8.08 0.023 2.49 0.89 6.97 0.082
Q4 (poor, failed) 2.58 0.97 6.89 0.058 1.74 0.55 5.55 0.349
PLenY Q1 (best) Reference 0.57 0.47 0.66 0.151 Reference 0.64 0.56 0.72 0.002
Q2 (good) 1.60 0.63 4.09 0.325 1.40 0.53 3.71 0.493
Q3 (fair) 1.02 0.37 2.78 0.969 0.76 0.26 2.24 0.621
Q4 (poor, failed) 2.29 0.93 5.67 0.072 1.43 0.48 4.29 0.525
StdElA Q1 (best) Reference 0.60 0.51 0.69 0.035 Reference 0.65 0.56 0.73 0.002
Q2 (good) 1.43 0.53 3.86 0.479 1.23 0.44 3.41 0.694
Q3 (fair) 1.46 0.54 3.94 0.454 1.23 0.44 3.44 0.693
Q4 (poor, failed) 2.80 1.11 7.08 0.030 2.08 0.76 5.70 0.156
VmeanCoP Q1 (best) Reference 0.59 0.51 0.68 0.046 Reference 0.65 0.56 0.73 0.002
Q2 (good) 2.54 0.90 7.23 0.080 2.11 0.71 6.32 0.182
Q3 (fair) 2.80 0.99 7.88 0.051 2.21 0.73 6.70 0.161
Q4 (poor, failed) 3.07 1.10 8.57 0.032 2.11 0.61 7.34 0.240
VmeanX Q1 (best) Reference 0.61 0.52 0.69 0.024 Reference 0.66 0.57 0.74 0.001
Q2 (good) 1.31 0.45 3.79 0.617 1.04 0.34 3.13 0.947
Q3 (fair) 3.01 1.14 7.93 0.026 2.40 0.85 6.76 0.097
Q4 (poor, failed) 2.53 0.95 6.77 0.064 1.67 0.52 5.39 0.389
VmeanY Q1 (best) Reference 0.57 0.47 0.66 0.158 Reference 0.64 0.56 0.72 0.003
Q2 (good) 1.54 0.60 3.93 0.370 1.34 0.51 3.55 0.550
Q3 (fair) 1.00 0.37 2.73 1.000 0.74 0.25 2.19 0.589
Q4 (poor, failed) 2.25 0.91 5.56 0.080 1.39 0.46 4.18 0.558
Tandem PLen Q1 (best) Reference 0.60 0.51 0.68 0.041 Reference 0.63 0.55 0.72 0.005
Q2 (good) 1.86 0.62 5.55 0.265 1.46 0.46 4.62 0.524
Q3 (fair) 2.29 0.79 6.62 0.128 1.63 0.51 5.20 0.411
Q4 (poor, failed) 2.86 1.06 7.69 0.038 1.81 0.55 5.92 0.326
PLenX Q1 (best) Reference 0.58 0.49 0.66 0.107 Reference 0.62 0.54 0.71 0.008
Q2 (good) 1.37 0.47 4.00 0.561 1.03 0.33 3.18 0.961
Q3 (fair) 2.35 0.86 6.39 0.094 1.47 0.49 4.41 0.487
Q4 (poor, failed) 2.08 0.80 5.41 0.131 1.19 0.38 3.73 0.759
PLenY Q1 (best) Reference 0.61 0.52 0.70 0.019 Reference 0.64 0.56 0.72 0.002
Q2 (good) 0.73 0.24 2.28 0.593 0.66 0.21 2.10 0.480
Q3 (fair) 1.64 0.61 4.41 0.324 1.38 0.48 3.96 0.547
Q4 (poor, failed) 2.34 0.95 5.76 0.064 1.62 0.57 4.62 0.364
StdElA Q1 (best) Reference 0.55 0.46 0.64 0.268 Reference 0.62 0.53 0.71 0.011
Q2 (good) 1.51 0.55 4.10 0.423 1.42 0.51 3.94 0.504
Q3 (fair) 1.47 0.54 4.00 0.450 1.15 0.41 3.27 0.791
Q4 (poor, failed) 1.78 0.71 4.47 0.216 1.08 0.38 3.06 0.882
VmeanCoP Q1 (best) Reference 0.60 0.51 0.68 0.041 Reference 0.63 0.55 0.72 0.005
Q2 (good) 1.86 0.62 5.55 0.265 1.46 0.46 4.62 0.524
Q3 (fair) 2.29 0.79 6.62 0.128 1.63 0.51 5.20 0.411
Q4 (poor, failed) 2.86 1.06 7.69 0.038 1.81 0.55 5.92 0.326
VmeanX Q1 (best) Reference 0.58 0.49 0.66 0.107 Reference 0.62 0.54 0.71 0.008
Q2 (good) 1.37 0.47 4.00 0.561 1.03 0.33 3.18 0.961
Q3 (fair) 2.35 0.86 6.39 0.094 1.47 0.49 4.41 0.487
Q4 (poor, failed) 2.08 0.80 5.41 0.131 1.19 0.38 3.73 0.759
VmeanY Q1 (best) Reference 0.61 0.52 0.70 0.019 Reference 0.64 0.56 0.72 0.002
Q2 (good) 0.73 0.24 2.28 0.593 0.66 0.21 2.10 0.480
Q3 (fair) 1.64 0.61 4.41 0.324 1.38 0.48 3.96 0.547
Q4 (poor, failed) 2.34 0.95 5.76 0.064 1.62 0.57 4.62 0.364
One leg left PLen Q1 (best) Reference 0.57 0.47 0.66 0.146 Reference 0.66 0.58 0.74 0.000
Q2 (good) 0.26 0.07 1.01 0.051 0.17 0.04 0.69 0.013
Q3 (fair) 1.03 0.38 2.76 0.957 0.59 0.19 1.80 0.349
Q4 (poor, failed) 1.27 0.55 2.92 0.578 0.59 0.19 1.78 0.346
PLenX Q1 (best) Reference 0.58 0.48 0.67 0.104 Reference 0.65 0.57 0.73 0.001
Q2 (good) 0.51 0.16 1.67 0.270 0.33 0.09 1.15 0.081
Q3 (fair) 0.89 0.31 2.55 0.826 0.52 0.16 1.70 0.280
Q4 (poor, failed) 1.52 0.65 3.58 0.333 0.71 0.23 2.20 0.554
PLenY Q1 (best) Reference 0.57 0.47 0.66 0.159 Reference 0.66 0.58 0.73 0.001
Q2 (good) 0.45 0.14 1.44 0.179 0.34 0.10 1.15 0.084
Q3 (fair) 0.66 0.23 1.93 0.451 0.44 0.14 1.40 0.164
Q4 (poor, failed) 1.34 0.58 3.06 0.494 0.75 0.26 2.13 0.584
StdElA Q1 (best) Reference 0.55 0.46 0.65 0.238 Reference 0.62 0.53 0.70 0.013
Q2 (good) 1.03 0.35 3.01 0.962 0.80 0.26 2.47 0.699
Q3 (fair) 1.03 0.35 3.01 0.962 0.80 0.25 2.53 0.708
Q4 (poor, failed) 1.58 0.65 3.85 0.313 0.95 0.34 2.71 0.929
VmeanCoP Q1 (best) Reference 0.57 0.47 0.66 0.146 Reference 0.66 0.58 0.74 0.000
Q2 (good) 0.26 0.07 1.01 0.051 0.17 0.04 0.69 0.013
Q3 (fair) 1.03 0.38 2.76 0.957 0.59 0.19 1.80 0.349
Q4 (poor, failed) 1.27 0.55 2.92 0.578 0.59 0.19 1.78 0.346
VmeanX Q1 (best) Reference 0.58 0.48 0.67 0.104 Reference 0.65 0.57 0.73 0.001
Q2 (good) 0.51 0.16 1.67 0.270 0.33 0.09 1.15 0.081
Q3 (fair) 0.89 0.31 2.55 0.826 0.52 0.16 1.70 0.280
Q4 (poor, failed) 1.52 0.65 3.58 0.333 0.71 0.23 2.20 0.554
VmeanY Q1 (best) Reference 0.57 0.47 0.66 0.159 Reference 0.66 0.58 0.73 0.001
Q2 (good) 0.45 0.14 1.44 0.179 0.34 0.10 1.15 0.084
Q3 (fair) 0.66 0.23 1.93 0.451 0.44 0.14 1.40 0.164
Q4 (poor, failed) 1.34 0.58 3.06 0.494 0.75 0.26 2.13 0.584
One leg right PLen Q1 (best) Reference 0.56 0.47 0.65 0.170 Reference 0.62 0.54 0.71 0.008
Q2 (good) 1.41 0.44 4.51 0.558 1.28 0.39 4.20 0.684
Q3 (fair) 1.00 0.29 3.40 1.000 0.77 0.21 2.86 0.699
Q4 (poor, failed) 1.90 0.72 4.99 0.193 1.10 0.35 3.50 0.866
PLenX Q1 (best) Reference 0.57 0.48 0.66 0.117 Reference 0.62 0.53 0.71 0.009
Q2 (good) 1.75 0.52 5.87 0.368 1.44 0.41 5.07 0.567
Q3 (fair) 1.48 0.43 5.12 0.534 1.11 0.29 4.21 0.877
Q4 (poor, failed) 2.34 0.84 6.55 0.104 1.39 0.41 4.76 0.602
PLenY Q1 (best) Reference 0.54 0.45 0.63 0.368 Reference 0.62 0.53 0.70 0.013
Q2 (good) 0.85 0.28 2.61 0.775 0.80 0.25 2.50 0.695
Q3 (fair) 0.71 0.22 2.26 0.558 0.60 0.18 2.02 0.411
Q4 (poor, failed) 1.28 0.53 3.10 0.584 0.75 0.26 2.18 0.598
StdElA Q1 (best) Reference 0.56 0.47 0.66 0.173 Reference 0.64 0.56 0.73 0.002
Q2 (good) 0.38 0.11 1.37 0.140 0.38 0.11 1.38 0.142
Q3 (fair) 0.61 0.20 1.90 0.394 0.55 0.17 1.75 0.312
Q4 (poor, failed) 1.21 0.52 2.84 0.656 0.85 0.32 2.28 0.748
VmeanCoP Q1 (best) Reference 0.56 0.47 0.65 0.170 Reference 0.62 0.54 0.71 0.008
Q2 (good) 1.41 0.44 4.51 0.558 1.28 0.39 4.20 0.684
Q3 (fair) 1.00 0.29 3.40 1.000 0.77 0.21 2.86 0.699
Q4 (poor, failed) 1.90 0.72 4.99 0.193 1.10 0.35 3.50 0.866
VmeanX Q1 (best) Reference 0.57 0.48 0.66 0.117 Reference 0.62 0.53 0.71 0.009
Q2 (good) 1.75 0.52 5.87 0.368 1.44 0.41 5.07 0.567
Q3 (fair) 1.48 0.43 5.12 0.534 1.11 0.29 4.21 0.877
Q4 (poor, failed) 2.34 0.84 6.55 0.104 1.39 0.41 4.76 0.602
VmeanY Q1 (best) Reference 0.54 0.45 0.63 0.368 Reference 0.62 0.53 0.70 0.013
Q2 (good) 0.85 0.28 2.61 0.775 0.80 0.25 2.50 0.695
Q3 (fair) 0.71 0.22 2.26 0.558 0.60 0.18 2.02 0.411
Q4 (poor, failed) 1.28 0.53 3.10 0.584 0.75 0.26 2.18 0.598

Bold values significant p-value < 0.05

aMale = Reference