Table 6.
Unadjusted and adjusted associations between balance sway parameters and fall risk
Unadjusted | Adjusted for age and sexa | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test position | Predictors | Quartiles | OR | 95% CI | p-value | AUC | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | AUC | 95% CI | p-value | ||||
Romberg | PLen | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.54 | 0.45 | 0.63 | 0.379 | Reference | 0.62 | 0.54 | 0.71 | 0.009 | ||||||
Q2 (good) | 1.41 | 0.57 | 3.53 | 0.766 | 1.21 | 0.47 | 3.11 | 0.699 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 1.02 | 0.39 | 2.67 | 0.660 | 0.89 | 0.32 | 2.45 | 0.822 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 1.70 | 0.69 | 4.18 | 0.915 | 1.15 | 0.42 | 3.15 | 0.792 | ||||||||||
PLenX | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.59 | 0.50 | 0.68 | 0.046 | Reference | 0.64 | 0.56 | 0.73 | 0.002 | |||||||
Q2 (good) | 1.49 | 0.55 | 4.02 | 0.431 | 1.31 | 0.48 | 3.60 | 0.599 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 1.66 | 0.62 | 4.41 | 0.310 | 1.56 | 0.57 | 4.27 | 0.384 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 2.63 | 1.03 | 6.69 | 0.042 | 2.12 | 0.78 | 5.72 | 0.139 | ||||||||||
PLenY | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.51 | 0.41 | 0.61 | 0.858 | Reference | 0.63 | 0.54 | 0.72 | 0.005 | |||||||
Q2 (good) | 0.67 | 0.27 | 1.66 | 0.387 | 0.63 | 0.25 | 1.60 | 0.332 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 0.59 | 0.23 | 1.50 | 0.267 | 0.48 | 0.18 | 1.31 | 0.150 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 1.12 | 0.48 | 2.59 | 0.791 | 0.74 | 0.29 | 1.89 | 0.533 | ||||||||||
StdElA | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.52 | 0.42 | 0.62 | 0.647 | Reference | 0.67 | 0.59 | 0.75 | 0.000 | |||||||
Q2 (good) | 0.67 | 0.27 | 1.66 | 0.387 | 0.57 | 0.22 | 1.44 | 0.228 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 0.44 | 0.16 | 1.19 | 0.106 | 0.34 | 0.12 | 0.97 | 0.042 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 1.33 | 0.58 | 3.03 | 0.496 | 0.97 | 0.40 | 2.36 | 0.943 | ||||||||||
VmeanCoP | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.54 | 0.45 | 0.63 | 0.379 | Reference | 0.62 | 0.54 | 0.71 | 0.009 | |||||||
Q2 (good) | 1.41 | 0.57 | 3.53 | 0.460 | 1.21 | 0.47 | 3.11 | 0.699 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 1.02 | 0.39 | 2.67 | 0.967 | 0.89 | 0.32 | 2.45 | 0.822 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 1.70 | 0.70 | 4.18 | 0.244 | 1.15 | 0.42 | 3.15 | 0.792 | ||||||||||
VmeanX | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.59 | 0.50 | 0.68 | 0.046 | Reference | 0.64 | 0.56 | 0.73 | 0.002 | |||||||
Q2 (good) | 1.49 | 0.55 | 4.02 | 0.431 | 1.31 | 0.48 | 3.60 | 0.599 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 1.66 | 0.62 | 4.41 | 0.310 | 1.56 | 0.57 | 4.27 | 0.384 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 2.63 | 1.03 | 6.69 | 0.042 | 2.12 | 0.78 | 5.72 | 0.139 | ||||||||||
VmeanY | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.51 | 0.41 | 0.61 | 0.858 | Reference | 0.63 | 0.54 | 0.72 | 0.005 | |||||||
Q2 (good) | 0.67 | 0.27 | 1.66 | 0.387 | 0.63 | 0.25 | 1.60 | 0.332 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 0.59 | 0.23 | 1.50 | 0.267 | 0.48 | 0.18 | 1.31 | 0.150 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 1.12 | 0.48 | 2.59 | 0.791 | 0.74 | 0.29 | 1.89 | 0.533 | ||||||||||
Semitandem | PLen | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.59 | 0.51 | 0.68 | 0.046 | Reference | 0.65 | 0.56 | 0.73 | 0.002 | ||||||
Q2 (good) | 2.54 | 0.90 | 7.23 | 0.080 | 2.11 | 0.71 | 6.32 | 0.182 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 2.80 | 0.99 | 7.88 | 0.051 | 2.21 | 0.73 | 6.70 | 0.161 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 3.07 | 1.10 | 8.57 | 0.032 | 2.11 | 0.61 | 7.34 | 0.240 | ||||||||||
PLenX | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.61 | 0.52 | 0.69 | 0.023 | Reference | 0.66 | 0.57 | 0.74 | 0.001 | |||||||
Q2 (good) | 1.36 | 0.47 | 3.94 | 0.567 | 1.11 | 0.37 | 3.31 | 0.856 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 3.06 | 1.16 | 8.08 | 0.023 | 2.49 | 0.89 | 6.97 | 0.082 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 2.58 | 0.97 | 6.89 | 0.058 | 1.74 | 0.55 | 5.55 | 0.349 | ||||||||||
PLenY | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.57 | 0.47 | 0.66 | 0.151 | Reference | 0.64 | 0.56 | 0.72 | 0.002 | |||||||
Q2 (good) | 1.60 | 0.63 | 4.09 | 0.325 | 1.40 | 0.53 | 3.71 | 0.493 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 1.02 | 0.37 | 2.78 | 0.969 | 0.76 | 0.26 | 2.24 | 0.621 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 2.29 | 0.93 | 5.67 | 0.072 | 1.43 | 0.48 | 4.29 | 0.525 | ||||||||||
StdElA | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.60 | 0.51 | 0.69 | 0.035 | Reference | 0.65 | 0.56 | 0.73 | 0.002 | |||||||
Q2 (good) | 1.43 | 0.53 | 3.86 | 0.479 | 1.23 | 0.44 | 3.41 | 0.694 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 1.46 | 0.54 | 3.94 | 0.454 | 1.23 | 0.44 | 3.44 | 0.693 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 2.80 | 1.11 | 7.08 | 0.030 | 2.08 | 0.76 | 5.70 | 0.156 | ||||||||||
VmeanCoP | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.59 | 0.51 | 0.68 | 0.046 | Reference | 0.65 | 0.56 | 0.73 | 0.002 | |||||||
Q2 (good) | 2.54 | 0.90 | 7.23 | 0.080 | 2.11 | 0.71 | 6.32 | 0.182 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 2.80 | 0.99 | 7.88 | 0.051 | 2.21 | 0.73 | 6.70 | 0.161 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 3.07 | 1.10 | 8.57 | 0.032 | 2.11 | 0.61 | 7.34 | 0.240 | ||||||||||
VmeanX | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.61 | 0.52 | 0.69 | 0.024 | Reference | 0.66 | 0.57 | 0.74 | 0.001 | |||||||
Q2 (good) | 1.31 | 0.45 | 3.79 | 0.617 | 1.04 | 0.34 | 3.13 | 0.947 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 3.01 | 1.14 | 7.93 | 0.026 | 2.40 | 0.85 | 6.76 | 0.097 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 2.53 | 0.95 | 6.77 | 0.064 | 1.67 | 0.52 | 5.39 | 0.389 | ||||||||||
VmeanY | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.57 | 0.47 | 0.66 | 0.158 | Reference | 0.64 | 0.56 | 0.72 | 0.003 | |||||||
Q2 (good) | 1.54 | 0.60 | 3.93 | 0.370 | 1.34 | 0.51 | 3.55 | 0.550 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 1.00 | 0.37 | 2.73 | 1.000 | 0.74 | 0.25 | 2.19 | 0.589 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 2.25 | 0.91 | 5.56 | 0.080 | 1.39 | 0.46 | 4.18 | 0.558 | ||||||||||
Tandem | PLen | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.60 | 0.51 | 0.68 | 0.041 | Reference | 0.63 | 0.55 | 0.72 | 0.005 | ||||||
Q2 (good) | 1.86 | 0.62 | 5.55 | 0.265 | 1.46 | 0.46 | 4.62 | 0.524 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 2.29 | 0.79 | 6.62 | 0.128 | 1.63 | 0.51 | 5.20 | 0.411 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 2.86 | 1.06 | 7.69 | 0.038 | 1.81 | 0.55 | 5.92 | 0.326 | ||||||||||
PLenX | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.58 | 0.49 | 0.66 | 0.107 | Reference | 0.62 | 0.54 | 0.71 | 0.008 | |||||||
Q2 (good) | 1.37 | 0.47 | 4.00 | 0.561 | 1.03 | 0.33 | 3.18 | 0.961 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 2.35 | 0.86 | 6.39 | 0.094 | 1.47 | 0.49 | 4.41 | 0.487 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 2.08 | 0.80 | 5.41 | 0.131 | 1.19 | 0.38 | 3.73 | 0.759 | ||||||||||
PLenY | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.61 | 0.52 | 0.70 | 0.019 | Reference | 0.64 | 0.56 | 0.72 | 0.002 | |||||||
Q2 (good) | 0.73 | 0.24 | 2.28 | 0.593 | 0.66 | 0.21 | 2.10 | 0.480 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 1.64 | 0.61 | 4.41 | 0.324 | 1.38 | 0.48 | 3.96 | 0.547 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 2.34 | 0.95 | 5.76 | 0.064 | 1.62 | 0.57 | 4.62 | 0.364 | ||||||||||
StdElA | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.55 | 0.46 | 0.64 | 0.268 | Reference | 0.62 | 0.53 | 0.71 | 0.011 | |||||||
Q2 (good) | 1.51 | 0.55 | 4.10 | 0.423 | 1.42 | 0.51 | 3.94 | 0.504 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 1.47 | 0.54 | 4.00 | 0.450 | 1.15 | 0.41 | 3.27 | 0.791 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 1.78 | 0.71 | 4.47 | 0.216 | 1.08 | 0.38 | 3.06 | 0.882 | ||||||||||
VmeanCoP | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.60 | 0.51 | 0.68 | 0.041 | Reference | 0.63 | 0.55 | 0.72 | 0.005 | |||||||
Q2 (good) | 1.86 | 0.62 | 5.55 | 0.265 | 1.46 | 0.46 | 4.62 | 0.524 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 2.29 | 0.79 | 6.62 | 0.128 | 1.63 | 0.51 | 5.20 | 0.411 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 2.86 | 1.06 | 7.69 | 0.038 | 1.81 | 0.55 | 5.92 | 0.326 | ||||||||||
VmeanX | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.58 | 0.49 | 0.66 | 0.107 | Reference | 0.62 | 0.54 | 0.71 | 0.008 | |||||||
Q2 (good) | 1.37 | 0.47 | 4.00 | 0.561 | 1.03 | 0.33 | 3.18 | 0.961 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 2.35 | 0.86 | 6.39 | 0.094 | 1.47 | 0.49 | 4.41 | 0.487 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 2.08 | 0.80 | 5.41 | 0.131 | 1.19 | 0.38 | 3.73 | 0.759 | ||||||||||
VmeanY | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.61 | 0.52 | 0.70 | 0.019 | Reference | 0.64 | 0.56 | 0.72 | 0.002 | |||||||
Q2 (good) | 0.73 | 0.24 | 2.28 | 0.593 | 0.66 | 0.21 | 2.10 | 0.480 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 1.64 | 0.61 | 4.41 | 0.324 | 1.38 | 0.48 | 3.96 | 0.547 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 2.34 | 0.95 | 5.76 | 0.064 | 1.62 | 0.57 | 4.62 | 0.364 | ||||||||||
One leg left | PLen | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.57 | 0.47 | 0.66 | 0.146 | Reference | 0.66 | 0.58 | 0.74 | 0.000 | ||||||
Q2 (good) | 0.26 | 0.07 | 1.01 | 0.051 | 0.17 | 0.04 | 0.69 | 0.013 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 1.03 | 0.38 | 2.76 | 0.957 | 0.59 | 0.19 | 1.80 | 0.349 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 1.27 | 0.55 | 2.92 | 0.578 | 0.59 | 0.19 | 1.78 | 0.346 | ||||||||||
PLenX | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.58 | 0.48 | 0.67 | 0.104 | Reference | 0.65 | 0.57 | 0.73 | 0.001 | |||||||
Q2 (good) | 0.51 | 0.16 | 1.67 | 0.270 | 0.33 | 0.09 | 1.15 | 0.081 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 0.89 | 0.31 | 2.55 | 0.826 | 0.52 | 0.16 | 1.70 | 0.280 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 1.52 | 0.65 | 3.58 | 0.333 | 0.71 | 0.23 | 2.20 | 0.554 | ||||||||||
PLenY | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.57 | 0.47 | 0.66 | 0.159 | Reference | 0.66 | 0.58 | 0.73 | 0.001 | |||||||
Q2 (good) | 0.45 | 0.14 | 1.44 | 0.179 | 0.34 | 0.10 | 1.15 | 0.084 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 0.66 | 0.23 | 1.93 | 0.451 | 0.44 | 0.14 | 1.40 | 0.164 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 1.34 | 0.58 | 3.06 | 0.494 | 0.75 | 0.26 | 2.13 | 0.584 | ||||||||||
StdElA | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.55 | 0.46 | 0.65 | 0.238 | Reference | 0.62 | 0.53 | 0.70 | 0.013 | |||||||
Q2 (good) | 1.03 | 0.35 | 3.01 | 0.962 | 0.80 | 0.26 | 2.47 | 0.699 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 1.03 | 0.35 | 3.01 | 0.962 | 0.80 | 0.25 | 2.53 | 0.708 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 1.58 | 0.65 | 3.85 | 0.313 | 0.95 | 0.34 | 2.71 | 0.929 | ||||||||||
VmeanCoP | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.57 | 0.47 | 0.66 | 0.146 | Reference | 0.66 | 0.58 | 0.74 | 0.000 | |||||||
Q2 (good) | 0.26 | 0.07 | 1.01 | 0.051 | 0.17 | 0.04 | 0.69 | 0.013 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 1.03 | 0.38 | 2.76 | 0.957 | 0.59 | 0.19 | 1.80 | 0.349 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 1.27 | 0.55 | 2.92 | 0.578 | 0.59 | 0.19 | 1.78 | 0.346 | ||||||||||
VmeanX | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.58 | 0.48 | 0.67 | 0.104 | Reference | 0.65 | 0.57 | 0.73 | 0.001 | |||||||
Q2 (good) | 0.51 | 0.16 | 1.67 | 0.270 | 0.33 | 0.09 | 1.15 | 0.081 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 0.89 | 0.31 | 2.55 | 0.826 | 0.52 | 0.16 | 1.70 | 0.280 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 1.52 | 0.65 | 3.58 | 0.333 | 0.71 | 0.23 | 2.20 | 0.554 | ||||||||||
VmeanY | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.57 | 0.47 | 0.66 | 0.159 | Reference | 0.66 | 0.58 | 0.73 | 0.001 | |||||||
Q2 (good) | 0.45 | 0.14 | 1.44 | 0.179 | 0.34 | 0.10 | 1.15 | 0.084 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 0.66 | 0.23 | 1.93 | 0.451 | 0.44 | 0.14 | 1.40 | 0.164 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 1.34 | 0.58 | 3.06 | 0.494 | 0.75 | 0.26 | 2.13 | 0.584 | ||||||||||
One leg right | PLen | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.56 | 0.47 | 0.65 | 0.170 | Reference | 0.62 | 0.54 | 0.71 | 0.008 | ||||||
Q2 (good) | 1.41 | 0.44 | 4.51 | 0.558 | 1.28 | 0.39 | 4.20 | 0.684 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 1.00 | 0.29 | 3.40 | 1.000 | 0.77 | 0.21 | 2.86 | 0.699 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 1.90 | 0.72 | 4.99 | 0.193 | 1.10 | 0.35 | 3.50 | 0.866 | ||||||||||
PLenX | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.57 | 0.48 | 0.66 | 0.117 | Reference | 0.62 | 0.53 | 0.71 | 0.009 | |||||||
Q2 (good) | 1.75 | 0.52 | 5.87 | 0.368 | 1.44 | 0.41 | 5.07 | 0.567 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 1.48 | 0.43 | 5.12 | 0.534 | 1.11 | 0.29 | 4.21 | 0.877 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 2.34 | 0.84 | 6.55 | 0.104 | 1.39 | 0.41 | 4.76 | 0.602 | ||||||||||
PLenY | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.54 | 0.45 | 0.63 | 0.368 | Reference | 0.62 | 0.53 | 0.70 | 0.013 | |||||||
Q2 (good) | 0.85 | 0.28 | 2.61 | 0.775 | 0.80 | 0.25 | 2.50 | 0.695 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 0.71 | 0.22 | 2.26 | 0.558 | 0.60 | 0.18 | 2.02 | 0.411 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 1.28 | 0.53 | 3.10 | 0.584 | 0.75 | 0.26 | 2.18 | 0.598 | ||||||||||
StdElA | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.56 | 0.47 | 0.66 | 0.173 | Reference | 0.64 | 0.56 | 0.73 | 0.002 | |||||||
Q2 (good) | 0.38 | 0.11 | 1.37 | 0.140 | 0.38 | 0.11 | 1.38 | 0.142 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 0.61 | 0.20 | 1.90 | 0.394 | 0.55 | 0.17 | 1.75 | 0.312 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 1.21 | 0.52 | 2.84 | 0.656 | 0.85 | 0.32 | 2.28 | 0.748 | ||||||||||
VmeanCoP | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.56 | 0.47 | 0.65 | 0.170 | Reference | 0.62 | 0.54 | 0.71 | 0.008 | |||||||
Q2 (good) | 1.41 | 0.44 | 4.51 | 0.558 | 1.28 | 0.39 | 4.20 | 0.684 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 1.00 | 0.29 | 3.40 | 1.000 | 0.77 | 0.21 | 2.86 | 0.699 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 1.90 | 0.72 | 4.99 | 0.193 | 1.10 | 0.35 | 3.50 | 0.866 | ||||||||||
VmeanX | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.57 | 0.48 | 0.66 | 0.117 | Reference | 0.62 | 0.53 | 0.71 | 0.009 | |||||||
Q2 (good) | 1.75 | 0.52 | 5.87 | 0.368 | 1.44 | 0.41 | 5.07 | 0.567 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 1.48 | 0.43 | 5.12 | 0.534 | 1.11 | 0.29 | 4.21 | 0.877 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 2.34 | 0.84 | 6.55 | 0.104 | 1.39 | 0.41 | 4.76 | 0.602 | ||||||||||
VmeanY | Q1 (best) | Reference | 0.54 | 0.45 | 0.63 | 0.368 | Reference | 0.62 | 0.53 | 0.70 | 0.013 | |||||||
Q2 (good) | 0.85 | 0.28 | 2.61 | 0.775 | 0.80 | 0.25 | 2.50 | 0.695 | ||||||||||
Q3 (fair) | 0.71 | 0.22 | 2.26 | 0.558 | 0.60 | 0.18 | 2.02 | 0.411 | ||||||||||
Q4 (poor, failed) | 1.28 | 0.53 | 3.10 | 0.584 | 0.75 | 0.26 | 2.18 | 0.598 |
Bold values significant p-value < 0.05
aMale = Reference