Table 1.

Overview of an application of MSC-EVs in experimental studies

Cell source	Experimental model	Administration rout	Result	References
Bone marrow	Dilated cardiomyopathy	Intravenous	Reduction in the expression levels of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α Reduction in circulating macrophages Promotion of the conversion of macrophages from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory status	Sun et al. [118]
Umbilical cord blood	Myocardial ischemia–reperfusion	Intracardiac	Immune-suppressing effect of miRNA-181a exosomes	Wei et al. [119]
Bone marrow	Traumatic-brain injury	Intravenous	Reduction in neuroinflammation	Zhang et al. [120]
Bone marrow	Post-ischemic neurological impairment	Intravenous	Attenuation of post-ischemic immunosuppression in the peripheral blood	Doeppner et al. [121]
Bone marrow	Focal brain injury	Intra-arterial	Infiltrating leucocytes including T cytotoxic cells Significant decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines	Dabrowska et al. [121]
Wharton’s Jelly	Renal ischemia–reperfusion injury	Intravenous	Alleviation of inflammation suppression of the expression of chemokines Decrease in the number of macrophages in the kidney	Zou et al. [123]
Bone marrow	Acute lung injury	Intratracheal	Reduction in inflammation	Zhu et al. [124]
Bone marrow	Acute lung injury	Intratracheal	Reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines	Khatri et al. [124]
Bone marrow	Pulmonary fibrosis	Intravenous, intracardiac	Increase in an immunoregulatory, anti-inflammatory monocyte phenotype	Mansouri et al. [126]
Bone marrow	Acute respiratory distress syndrome	Intranasal	Reduction in inflammation	Morrison et al. [127]
Bone marrow	Colitis	Intravenous	Downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines	Yang et al. [128]
Umbilical cord	Inflammatory bowel disease	Intravenous	Increase in IL-10 Reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines Decrease in the infiltration of macrophages into the colon tissues	Mao et al. [129]
Intravenous	Sepsis syndrome	Intravenous	Suppression of the inflammatory reactions by healthy exosomes	Chang et al. [131]
Bone marrow	Graft-versus-host disease	Intravenous	Reduction in activation and infiltration of CD4 + T cells Inhibition of IL-17-T cells Induction of IL-10 regulatory cells Reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines	Lai et al. [115]
Umbilical cord	Graft-versus-host disease	Intravenous	Lower absolute numbers of CD3 + CD8 + T cells Reduction in the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines A higher ratio of CD3 + CD4 + and CD3 + CD8 + T cells Higher serum levels of IL-10	Wang et al. [116]
Umbilical cord	Autoimmune uveitis	Periocular	Reducing the infiltration of T cell subsets and other inflammatory cells into the eyes	Bai et al. [134]
Adipose tissue	Autoimmune diabetes	Intraperitoneal	Increase in the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines Decrease in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines Increase in the T regulatory cell ratio	Nojehdehi et al. [136]
Bone marrow	Myocardial I/R injury	Intra-myocardial	Reduction in the inflammation level	Zhao et al. [135]
Bone marrow	Rheumatoid arthritis	Intravenous	Delaying inflammation	Zheng et al. [133]
Embryonic stem cell	Graft-versus-host disease	Intravenous	Increased Treg production in vitro and in vivo through an APC-mediated pathway	Zhang et al. [113]
Bone marrow	Graft-versus-host disease	Intravenous	Decrease in the ratio of CD62L-CD44 + to CD62L + CD44- T cells Suppression of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells	Fujii et al. [114]