Table 2.

Overview of an application of MSC-EVs in liver injury

Cell source	Experimental model	Administration rout	Result	References
Bone marrow	Hepatic ischemia Reperfusion injury	Intravenous	Repression of the transcription of inflammation-associated genes	Anger et al. [141]
Bone marrow	Liver injury	Intravenous	Enhancement of anti-inflammatory cytokines and T regulatory cells	Tamura et al. [142]
Bone marrow	Hepatic ischemia Reperfusion injury	Intravenous	A decrease in the number of recruiting macrophages and neutrophils as well as a reduction in TNF-α and IL-6 levels	Haga et al. [149]
Umbilical cord	Acute liver injury	Intravenous	Reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and TGF-β and number of Kuppfer cells	Ohara et al. [147]
Umbilical cord	Hepatic ischemia Reperfusion injury	Intravenous	Inhibition of neutrophil inflammatory response	Yao et al. [143]
Adipose tissue	Acute liver injury	Intravenous	Reduction in inflammatory activation in Kuppfer cells	Liu et al. [145]
Umbilical cord	Acute liver injury	Intravenous	Reduction in NLRP3, Casp-1, IL-1, and IL-6 expressions in the macrophage	Jiang et al. [132]
Embryonic stem cell	Chronic liver injury	Intravenous	Upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β1 and IL-10) and downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IL-2)	Mardpour et al. [148]
Bone marrow	Experimental autoimmune epatitis	Intraperitoneal	Regulation of NLRP3 and caspase-1	Chen et al. [140]
Bone marrow	Autoimmune hepatitis	Intraperitoneal	Reduction in inflammatory responses	Lu et al. [144]
Liver tissue	Liver fibrosis	Intravenous	Modulating the inflammatory response	Bruno et al. [146]
Adipose tissue	NASH model	Intravenous	Increase in anti-inflammatory macrophages in the liver	Watanabe et al. [148]