Figure 3.

Effect of biomolecules on the membrane structure. (a) Scheme showing a cluster of four phospholipid molecules and three arginine side chains (from three different CPPs) held together through bidentate hydrogen bonds and the generation of negative membrane curvature by simultaneous coordination of phosphate head groups. (b) Schematic representation of the negative Gaussian curvature at a budding neck. (c) Generation of positive membrane curvature by the insertion of a hydrophobic moiety (e.g., the naphthalene side chain of CPP12, a myristoyl group, or LPC) into the lipid bilayer. Adapted with permission from ref. 25. Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society.