This work is licensed under a Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of UK Biobank men, stratified according to those who were tested for infection, or were infected with or died from COVID-19 during the follow-up period and for the cohort as a whole**.
| Basic Characteristics*,§ | Participants with this event recorded duing follow-up | All** | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tested | Infected with SARS-CoV-2§§ | Died from COVID-19 | ||
| Sociodemographic and lifestyle | ||||
| n | 24 175 | 5558 | 438 | 159 964 |
| Age (whole years) | 59.0 (50.0–64.0) | 54.0 (46.0–62.0) | 65.0 (61.0–67.0) | 57.0 (50.0–63.0) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.8 (25.4–30.6) | 28.0 (25.7–30.9) | 28.8 (26.1–32.5) | 27.2 (25.0–29.9) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 97.0 (90.0–105.0) | 97.0 (91.0–105.0) | 102.0 (94.0–111.0) | 96.0 (89.0–103.0) |
| Country | ||||
| England | 86.2 (20 839) | 90.9 (5052) | 85.4 (374) | 88.7 (141 850) |
| Scotland | 8.2 (1981) | 4.4 (246) | 8.9 (39) | 7.0 (11 140) |
| Wales | 5.6 (1355) | 4.7 (260) | 5.7 (25) | 4.4 (6974) |
| Townsend Index | ||||
| Q1 | 19.7 (4758) | 17.1 (951) | 17.8 (78) | 20.6 (32 949) |
| Q2 | 19.8 (4786) | 17.7 (983) | 15.8 (69) | 20.5 (32 717) |
| Q3 | 19.6 (4740) | 19.3 (1071) | 18.3 (80) | 20.4 (32 629) |
| Q4 | 19.5 (4723) | 20.6 (1144) | 18.5 (81) | 19.7 (31 557) |
| Q5 | 21.4 (5168) | 25.4 (1409) | 29.7 (130) | 18.8 ( 30 112) |
| Ethnicity: not White | 5.2 (1267) | 8.5 (475) | 5.9 (26) | 4.8 (7717) |
| Qualifications: college/university | 31.7 (7654) | 26.8 (1487) | 23.1 (101) | 36.1 (57 680) |
| Partner: true | 78.3 (18 923) | 78.4 (4356) | 68.3 (299) | 78.3 (125 271) |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| Low | 41.0 (9901) | 42.7 (2376) | 45.2 (198) | 40.5 (64 850) |
| Medium | 28.9 (6992) | 28.2 (1565) | 28.8 (126) | 29.6 (47 376) |
| High | 30.1 (7282) | 29.1 (1617) | 26.0 (114) | 29.8 (47 738) |
| Diet | ||||
| High red meat eaters | 17.1 (4130) | 16.3 (908) | 19.4 (85) | 16.0 (25 561) |
| Low red meat eaters | 80.0 (19 338) | 80.3 (4465) | 78.3 (343) | 80.5 (128 826) |
| No red meat | 2.9 (707) | 3.3 (185) | 2.3 (10) | 3.5 (5577) |
| PA | ||||
| Insufficient | 40.7 (9839) | 39.1 (2175) | 46.3 (203) | 39.9 (63 768) |
| Sufficient | 15.6 (3762) | 15.6 (869) | 17.1 (75) | 15.9 (25 403) |
| Additional | 43.7 (10 574) | 45.2 (2514) | 36.5 (160) | 44.3 (70 793) |
| Smoking | ||||
| Never | 46.4 (11 217) | 47.7 (2653) | 30.4 (133) | 50.7 (81 042) |
| Previous | 41.1 (9945) | 39.8 (2213) | 54.8 (240) | 38.0 (60 770) |
| Current | 12.5 (3013) | 12.5 (692) | 14.8 (65) | 11.3 (18 152) |
| Prevalent health conditions and medication usage | ||||
| CVD | 7.6 (1827) | 6.3 (348) | 16.7 (73) | 5.3 (8516) |
| Diabetes | 9.7 (2336) | 9.9 (551) | 21.7 (95) | 7.0 (11 208) |
| Cancer | 5.6 (1363) | 4.2 (235) | 6.6 (29) | 4.3 (6866) |
| Angina | 7.0 (1699) | 5.7 (315) | 13.7 (60) | 4.9 (7783) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 2.9 (709) | 2.6 (146) | 8.7 (38) | 2.0 (3175) |
| Renal impairment | 1.0 (240) | 0.8 (42) | 2.1 (9) | 0.6 (916) |
| Hypertension | 65.5 (15 830) | 60.2 (3346) | 83.6 (366) | 61.9 (99 002) |
| COPD | 1.1 (268) | 0.9 (50) | 3.9 (17) | 0.6 (984) |
| Liver disease | 1.7 (416) | 1.7 (96) | 2.1 (9) | 1.2 (1937) |
| Thyroid disease | 2.3 (568) | 2.2 (123) | 3.2 (14) | 2.1 (3296) |
| Lipid medication use | 26.7 (6449) | 22.8 (1270) | 47.0 (206) | 22.4 (35 868) |
| Glucocorticoid use | 8.5 (2045) | 7.8 (434) | 10.7 (47) | 7.0 (11 168) |
| Opioid use | 5.9 (1425) | 5.4 (301) | 11.2 (49) | 4.0 (6405) |
| Anticonvulsant use | 1.9 (451) | 1.5 (82) | 3.4 (15) | 1.3 (2109) |
| Medication, n | ||||
| 0 | 27.2 (6586) | 32.2 (1790) | 13.9 (61) | 33.3 (53 267) |
| 1–2 | 31.7 (7662) | 32.1 (1783) | 20.3 (89) | 33.3 (53 337) |
| 3–4 | 19.7 (4764) | 17.0 (945) | 17.6 (77) | 18.2 (29 166) |
| 5+ | 21.4 (5163) | 18.7 (1040) | 48.2 (211) | 15.1 (24 194) |
| Blood/hormone variables | ||||
| Time blood drawn (dec hour) | 14.5 (11.8–16.9) | 14.6 (11.8–17.1) | 14.4 (12.0–16.5) | 14.5 (11.8–17.0) |
| Blood type | ||||
| A | 43.5 (10 514) | 45.0 (2500) | 40.4 (177) | 43.2 (69 153) |
| B | 3.7 (886) | 4.1 (229) | 3.9 (17) | 3.6 (5730) |
| AB | 9.7 (2339) | 10.2 (568) | 9.6 (42) | 9.5 (15 198) |
| O | 43.2 (10 436) | 40.7 (2261) | 46.1 (202) | 43.7 (69 883) |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.4 (4.7–6.2) | 5.4 (4.7–6.2) | 5.1 (4.2–5.8) | 5.5 (4.8–6.2) |
| Testosterone (nmol/L) | 11.5 (9.3–14.0) | 11.4 (9.3–14.0) | 11.0 (8.9–13.4) | 11.6 (9.5–14.1) |
| Testosterone (ng/dL) | 331 (268–403) | 329 (268–403) | 317 (256–386) | 334 (274–406) |
| SHBG (nmol/L) | 36.5 (27.4–47.7) | 34.2 (25.6–44.7) | 38.2 (29.3–51.0) | 36.6 (27.7–47.6) |
| cFT (pmol/L) | 212 (176–254) | 220 (182–262) | 193 (164–233) | 215 (180–257) |
*Continuous variables (age, BMI, cholesterol, waist circumference, time blood drawn, testosterone, SHBG, cFT) represented as median (interquartile range); other variables as percentages (numbers) per category. **Summary data presented for data after excluding men who died or were lost to follow-up since their baseline visit but before 16 March 2020, with prior orchidectomy, taking androgens, anti-androgen, 5α-reductase, estrogen, anti-estrogen, progesterone medications, infertile men, men with pituitary disease, adrenogenital or testicular disorders, or variables with missing values. §BMI(kg/m2); Education, Educational attainment; PA, level of physical activity categories (min/week; see Supplementary Methods); Alcohol, level of alcohol consumption (standard units of alcohol consumed/week; see Supplementary Methods); Smoking, smoking status; SHBG, sex hormone binding globulin; cFT, free testosterone calculated using the Vermeulen formula. §§Incident infections identified for participants with a positive test result or who died from COVID-19 during the follow-up period from 16 March 2020 to 31 January 2021.