FIGURE 3.

Chemokines/chemokine receptors in tumor immune microenvironment and their relevance in cancer immunotherapy. Immune cell populations, such as monocytic and granulocytic myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs), regulatory T (Treg) cells, and IL‐22⁺CD4⁺ T helper 22 cells can promote tumor growth. Immune cells, such as T helper 17 cells, T helper 1 cells, CD8+ T cells, and natural killer cells (NK cells), have antitumor effects. These cells are recruited to the tumor, particularly the tumor immune microenvironment through chemokine/chemokine receptor signaling axes and are involved in almost all aspects of the tumor progression (e.g., tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis) (the figure was created using biorender.com)