TABLE 1.
The chemokine subfamilies and their receptors
| Class | Systemic name | Synonym | Receptor | Function |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CXC (α subfamily) | CXCL1 23 | Growth‐regulated protein‐α (GROα), Gro‐oncogene 1 (GRO1), neutrophil‐activating protein‐3, and keratinocyte‐derived chemokine | CXCR2 | Inflammatory |
| CXCL2 24 | Macrophage inflammatory protein‐2a (MIP‐2α), GROβ, Gro2 | CXCR2 | Inflammatory | |
| CXCL3 25 | MIP‐2β, GROγ, Gro3 | CXCR2 | Inflammatory | |
| CXCL4 26 | Platelet factor 4 (PF4) | Unknown | Unknown | |
| CXCL5 27 | Epithelial‐derived neutrophil‐activating peptide 78 (ENA‐78) | CXCR2 and DARC | Inflammatory | |
| CXCL6 28 | Granulocyte chemotactic protein‐2 (GCP‐2) | CXCR1, CXCR2 | Inflammatory | |
| CXCL7 29 | Platelet basic protein (PBP), leukocyte‐derived growth factor (LDGF), macrophage‐derived growth factor (MDGF), Small‐inducible cytokine B7 | CXCR2 | Inflammatory | |
| CXCL8 30 | Interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), T‐cell chemotactic factor, lymphocyte derived neutrophil activating peptide (LYNAP), neutrophil activating peptide‐1 (NAP‐1) | CXCR1, CXCR2 | Inflammatory | |
| CXCL9 31 | Monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG) | CXCR3 and CXCR3B | Inflammatory | |
| CXCL10 32 | Interferon (IFN)‐γ‐induced protein 10 (IP‐10), small inducible cytokine B10 | CXCR3 and CXCR3B | Dual: adaptive immunity (Th1 responses) | |
| CXCL11 33 | IP‐9, interferon‐inducible T‐cell α‐chemoattractant (I‐TAC) | CXCR3, CXCR3B, and CXCR7 | Inflammatory | |
| CXCL12 34 | Stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 (SDF‐1), SDF‐1α | CXCR4 and CXCR7 | Homeostatic | |
| CXCL13 35 | B‐lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC) | CXCR5 and CCXCKR | Homeostatic | |
| CXCL14 36 | Breast‐ and kidney‐expressed chemokine | Unknown | Inflammatory: development of antigen‐presenting cells | |
| CXCL15 37 | Lungkine | CXCR2 | Unknown | |
| CXCL16 38 | CXCR6 | Inflammatory: T lymphopoiesis, extravasation | ||
| CXCL17 39 | Dendritic and monocyte chemokine‐like protein, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐coregulated chemokine‐1 | Unknown | Unknown | |
| CC (β subfamily) | CCL1 40 | Inflammatory cytokine I‐309 | CCR8 | Inflammatory |
| CCL2 41 | Monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1) and small inducible cytokine A2 | CCR2 | Inflammatory: innate and adaptive immunity | |
| CCL3 42 | MIP‐1α | CCR1 and CCR5 | Inflammatory | |
| CCL4 43 | MIP‐1β | CCR5 | Inflammatory | |
| CCL5 44 | Regulated on activation, normal T‐cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) | CCR1, CCR3, and CCR5 | Inflammatory | |
| CCL6 45 | Macrophage inflammatory protein‐related protein‐1 (MRP‐1) | CCR1 | Unknown | |
| CCL7 46 | MCP‐3 | CCR1, CCR2, and CCR3 | Inflammatory | |
| CCL8 47 , 52 | MCP‐2 | CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, and CCR5 | Inflammatory | |
| CCL9 48 | MIP‐1γ, MRP‐2 | CCR1 | Inflammatory | |
| CCL10 49 | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |
| CCL11 50 | Eotaxin | CCR3 | Inflammatory | |
| CCL12 51 | MCP‐5 | CCR2 | Inflammatory | |
| CCL13 52 | MCP‐4 | CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, and CCR5 | Inflammatory | |
| CCL14 53 | Hemofiltrate CC chemokine‐1 (HCC‐1) | CCR1 and CCR5 | Homeostatic | |
| CCL15 54 | Leukotactin‐1, MIP‐5, and HCC‐2 | CCR1 and CCR3 | Homeostatic | |
| CCL16 55 | Monotactin‐1, liver‐expressed chemokine, and HCC‐4 | CCR1, CCR2, CCR5, and CCR8 | Homeostatic | |
| CCL17 56 | Thymus‐ and activation‐regulated chemokine (TARC) | CCR4 | Dual | |
| CCL18 57 | MIP‐4, pulmonary‐ and activation‐regulated chemokine (PARC), alternative macrophage activation‐associated CC chemokine 1 (AMAC‐1) | Unknown | Homeostatic: T cell–dendritic cell interaction (spleen, lymph node) | |
| CCL19 58 | MIP‐3β, EBl1 ligand chemokine (ELC) exodus‐3 | CCR7 and CCXCKR | Homeostatic: T lymphopoiesis | |
| CCL20 52 , 59 | MIP‐3α, liver activation‐regulated chemokine (LARC), exodus‐1 | CCR6 | Dual: development of dendritic cells, adaptive immunity | |
| CCL21 60 | Secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine (SLTC), exodus‐2, TCA4 | CCR7 and CCXCKR | Dual: spleen and lymph node T cell homing | |
| CCL22 61 | Macrophage‐derived chemokine (MDC) | CCR4 | Dual: adaptive immunity (cutaneous T cells) | |
| CCL23 62 | MIP‐3, myeloid progenitor inhibitory factor‐1 (MPIF‐1) | CCR1 | Inflammatory | |
| CCL24 63 | Eotaxin‐2, MPIF‐2 | CCR3 | Inflammatory | |
| CCL25 64 | Thymus‐expressed chemokine (TECK) | CCR9 and CCXCKR | Dual: T lymphopoiesis, adaptive immunity, T cell and B cell trafficking in small intestine | |
| CCL26 65 | MIP‐4α, eotaxin‐3, thymic stroma chemokine‐1 | CCR3 | Inflammatory | |
| CCL27 66 | Cutaneous T‐cell‐attracting chemokine (CTACK), IL‐11 receptor a‐locus chemokine (ILC), embryonic stem cell chemokine | CCR10 | Homeostatic | |
| CCL28 67 | Mucosae‐associated epithelial chemokine (MEC) | CCR3 and CCR10 | Homeostatic | |
| XC (γ subfamily) | XCL1 68 | Lymphotactin α | XCR1 | Dual |
| XCL2 69 | Lymphotactin β | XCR2 | Dual | |
| CX3C (δ subfamily) | CX3CL1 70 | Fractalkine, neurotactin | CX3CR1 | Inflammatory: extravasation |