Table 2.

NEFA effects on biological functions in different cell types of different species.

Species/exposure	Cell type	Affected biological functions	Reference
Humans
In vitro	GCs	Cell viability, cell proliferation, apoptosis, steroidogenesis, fatty acid metabolism	Mu et al. (2001)
Bovine
In vitro	GCs, CCs, TCs	Cell proliferation, apoptosis, steroidogenesis, ROS production, ER stress, EMT	Leroy et al. (2005), Vanholder et al. (2006), Wu et al. (2012), Aardema et al. (2013), Sutton-McDowall et al. (2016), Sharma et al. (2019), Wang et al. (2020), Yenuganti et al. (2021)
	Oocyte	Maturation, fertilization, development competence, apoptosis	Leroy et al. (2005), Aardema et al. (2011), Carro et al. (2013)
	Blastocyst	Blastocyst formation, blastocyst formation, energy metabolism, ER stress, inflammation, transcriptome, DNA methylation pattern	Leroy et al. (2005), Van Hoeck et al. (2011, 2013, 2015), Desmet et al. (2016), Sutton-McDowall et al. (2016)
In vivo	GCs, CCs	Lipid storage, lipid profile	Zachut et al. (2010), Aardema et al. (2013)
Porcine
In vitro	GCs, CCs	Lipid storage, cell proliferation, cell viability, metabolism, EMT	Ogawa et al. (2018), Pawlak et al. (2020), Shibahara et al. (2020)
	Oocyte	Maturation, mitochondrial functions, lipid storage, development competence	Itami et al. (2018), Ogawa et al. (2018), Shibahara et al. (2020)
	Blastocyst	Lipid storage, development competence, metabolism, inflammation, transcriptome, DNA methylation pattern	Pawlak et al. (2020), Shibahara et al. (2020), Shi and Sirard (2021b)
In vivo	Ovary	Follicle development, apoptosis, antioxidants production	Xu et al. (2016)
Mouse
In vitro	GCs	Steroidogenesis, cell viability, apoptosis	Valckx et al. (2014a), Chen et al. (2019)
	Oocyte	Lipid storage, ER stress, maturation, development ability	Valckx et al. (2014a), Yang et al. (2012)
	Blastocyst	Development ability, ER stress, lipid storage, mitochondrial superoxide level	Valckx et al. (2014a), Yousif (2019)
In vivo	GCs, CCs, oocyte, blastocyst	Mitochondrial activity, ROS production, apoptosis, ER stress, ovulation, fertilization, blastocyst formation	Igosheva et al. (2010), Wu et al. (2010)
Sheep
In vivo	GCs, oocyte, blastocyst	Fatty acid composition, steroidogenesis, cell proliferation, embryo development	Wonnacott et al. (2010)

CCs, cumulus cells; EMT, epithelial–mesenchymal transition; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; GCs, granulosa cells; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TCs, theca cells.