. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jun 8.

Published in final edited form as: Expo Health. 2021 Sep 29;13(4):697–704. doi: 10.1007/s12403-021-00413-9

Table 2.

Associations of urinary nickel concentration with diabetes in US adults

	Urinary nickel quartiles (μg/L)				P_trend
	Q1 (< 0.65)	Q2 (0.65–1.17)	Q3 (1.17–1.94)	Q4 (> 1.94)
Median, μg/L	0.43	0.89	1.49	2.66
No. of cases/participants	58/397	89/396	84/402	99/390
Model 1	1 (reference)	1.75 (0.80–3.82)	2.46 (1.00–6.09)	1.83 (0.95–3.54)	0.21
Model 2	1 (reference)	2.03 (0.97–4.23)	3.48 (1.63–7.44)	2.48 (1.47–5.48)	0.02
Model 3	1 (reference)	1.83 (0.84–3.99)	3.58 (1.67–7.70)	2.70 (1.39–5.24)	0.03

The data show odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) in parentheses.

Model 1: adjusted for age (years), sex (male, female), race/ethnicity (Hispanic, non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and other race), and urinary creatinine (quartiles).

Model 2: adjusted for all factors in Model 1 plus education (less than high school, high school, college, or higher), family income (family income-to-poverty ratio: < 1.3, 1.3–3.5, ≥ 3.5, or missing), cigarette smoking (never, past, and current), physical activity (< 600, 600–1199, ≥ 1200 MET-min/week), alcohol intake (0, 0.1–27.9, ≥ 28 g/day for males; 0, 0.1–13.9, ≥ 14 g/day for females), total energy intake (quartiles), 2015 healthy eating index (HEI-2015) score (quartiles), family history of diabetes (yes, no), blood cadmium levels, and blood lead levels

Model 3: adjusted for all factors in Model 2 plus body mass index (< 25.0, 25.0–29.9, ≥ 30.0 kg/m²)