Table 2.
Results from the multivariate analysis with adjusted ORs and their 95% CIs.
| OR | 95% CI | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic profile | |||
| Generation/age group (versus Generation Z) | |||
| Children of baby boomers (27–47 years) | 0.622 | 0.307 | 1.260 |
| Baby busters (48–53 years) | 0.405 | 0.185 | 0.886 |
| Baby boomers (54–73 years) | 0.271 | 0.126 | 0.581 |
| Parents of baby boomers (≥74 years) | 0.086 | 0.010 | 0.780 |
| Self-identified gender (women versus other)a | 0.812 | 0.533 | 1.236 |
| Gender role according to the BSRI (versus undifferentiated) | |||
| Feminine | 1.240 | 0.810 | 1.898 |
| Masculine | 1.217 | 0.788 | 1.882 |
| Androgynous | 1.090 | 0.728 | 1.635 |
| Country of birth (Canada versus other) | 1.175 | 0.512 | 2.695 |
| Aboriginal (yes versus no) | 1.208 | 0.374 | 3.903 |
| Employed full- or part-time (yes versus no) | 0.821 | 0.580 | 1.162 |
| Disabled (yes versus no) | 0.889 | 0.579 | 1.365 |
| Postsecondary education (yes versus no) | 1.406 | 0.938 | 2.107 |
| Residing in a remote region (versus nonremote regions)b | 0.636 | 0.436 | 0.928 |
| Chronic pain characteristics and interference | |||
| Generalized pain (yes versus no) | 1.604 | 1.148 | 2.242 |
| Multisite pain (yes versus no) | 1.251 | 0.714 | 2.194 |
| Frequency (continuous versus intermittent) | 1.029 | 0.610 | 1.735 |
| Duration (years) | 1.003 | 0.989 | 1.017 |
| Pain intensity on average in the past 7 days (0–10 NRS) | 0.926 | 0.838 | 1.025 |
| Tendency to pain catastrophizing (yes versus no) | 1.189 | 0.836 | 1.693 |
| Neuropathic component according to the DN4 (yes versus no) | 1.297 | 0.940 | 1.787 |
| Interference (BPI score) | 1.081 | 0.967 | 1.209 |
| Pain treatment | |||
| Using prescribed pain medications (yes versus no) | 1.783 | 1.127 | 2.820 |
| Using over-the-counter pain medications (yes versus no) | 0.639 | 0.469 | 0.870 |
| Using nonpharmacological treatments for pain management (yes versus no) | 1.628 | 1.053 | 2.517 |
| Access to a trusted health care professional for pain management (yes versus no) | 1.256 | 0.854 | 1.847 |
| Health profile and lifestyle | |||
| Psychological distress (0–12 PHQ-4 score; versus none/scores 0–2) | |||
| Mild/scores 3–5 | 1.208 | 0.789 | 1.850 |
| Moderate/scores 6–8 | 1.036 | 0.638 | 1.683 |
| Severe/scores 9–12 | 0.849 | 0.488 | 1.476 |
| Perceived general health (0–100 SF-12 score) | 0.991 | 0.977 | 1.005 |
| Number of medications currently used (including prescribed, over-the-counter, pain-related, and non-pain-related) | 0.998 | 0.960 | 1.037 |
| Physical functioning (0–100 SF-12 score) | 1.000 | 0.981 | 1.019 |
| Have consumed alcohol or used drugs more than intended in the past year (versus never) | |||
| Rarely | 2.047 | 1.434 | 2.923 |
| Sometimes | 3.047 | 1.967 | 4.719 |
| Often | 3.017 | 1.595 | 5.706 |
| Cigarette smoking (versus never smoked) | |||
| Current smoker | 3.601 | 2.315 | 5.601 |
| Former smoker | 1.870 | 1.339 | 2.611 |
Proportion of missing data across presented variable ranges between 0.07% and 8.85%. Listwise deletion led to the inclusion of 1068 out of 1344 individuals in the final model. Bold font indicates statistical significance.
aMen and participants who self-identified as unknown or unspecified sex were regrouped because the latter included only four individuals.
bRemote resource regions as defined by Revenu Quebec (i.e., the provincial revenue agency): Bas-Saint-Laurent, Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean, Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Côte-Nord, Nord-du-Québec, Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine. Nonremote regions are near a major urban center.
BPI = Brief Pain Inventory; DN4 = Douleur Neuropathique 4; NRS = numeric rating scale; PHQ-4 = 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire; SF-12 = 12-Item Short Form Survey.